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CRIME
IN THE UNITED STATES
ISSUED BY Ri JOHN EDGAR HOOVER, Director ~~ FBI
UNIFORM GRIME REPORTS-- 1967
FOR RELEASE
TUESDAY A.M., AUGUST 27, 1968
PRINTED ANNUALLY DOCUMENTS DF™* AUG 2 6 1968
Duke UaiVversiny =~ oa
UNIFORM
CRIME
REPORTS for the United States
PRINTED ANNUALLY—1967
Apvisory: Committee on Uniform Crime Records International Association of Chiefs of Police Edmund L. McNamara, Commissioner of Police
Boston, Massachusetts, Chairman
J. Edgar Hoover, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. 20535
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25
Contents
Preface Crime factors Summary Crime Index totals Crime and population Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter _ _ - Aggravated assault__-- - Forcible rape _- -- Robbery - - _ - Burglary _ . Larceny -- Auto theft___- Clearances____- ict Persons arrested ____-_- Persons charged Careers in Crime Police employee data _- Police killed data Introduction__ cae The index of crime, 1967 - __---_-- United States, 1967 (table 2... i ie se se United States, 1960 to 1967 (table 2)__- 61 United States, 1966-1967, by regions, geographic divisions and states (table 3)__ ie ea eek : eee States (table 4) __ . sj sinnsin p cbsivale ig Standard metropolitan statistical areas (table 5). ; 80-93 General United States crime statistics, 1967 __ ; .-----. 95-113 Crime trends, 1966-1967, by population groups (table 6) ----- 96-97 Crime trends, 1966-1967, suburban and nonsuburban cities, by population groups (table 7). ku 98 Crime trends, 1966-1967, nonsuburban. counties oy Population groups (table 8) ’ en 99 Crime rates, by population groups (table 9) 100-101 Crime rates, suburban and nonsuburban cities, by population groups (table 10)__------- Sinan ME Crime rates, nonsuburban counties, by population groups (table 11). 103 Offenses known, cleared by arrest, by population groups (table 12)-_ 104-105 Offenses known, cleared by arrest, by geographic divisions (table
Offenses cleared by arrest of persons under 18 years of age (table ¥ . 107-108 Disposition of persons formally charged by the police (table 15) _- 109 Offenses known, cleared; persons arrested, charged and disposed of (table 16) 109 Police disposition of juvenile offenders taken into custody (table 17). —-110
Page
General United States crime statistics, 1967—Continued
Offense analysis trends, 1966-1967, and average values (table 18)__ 111 Type and value of property stolen and recovered (table 19)______- 111 Murder victims—weapons used (table 20)_______....._________- 112 Murder victims by age, sex and race (table 21)___..____________- 112 Percent murder by firearm by state, 1962 through 1967 (table 22)__ 113 I i og oh doit bide Sihta tan tam ing escwcutaha 115-154
Pitts ona mnaets 116-117
Arrest trends, 1960-1967 (table 24)__._._______________________. 118 Arrest trends by sex, 1960-1967 (table 25)_.___________________- 119 Total arrest trends, 1966-1967 (table 26)___.___.________________ 120 Total arrests by age group (table 27)_______-_.----.__--____- 121-122 Total arrests of persons under 15, under 18, under 21, and under 25
ST ila cbs mete hamiecinwen piiinich dis ewtds deab bebe cous 123 Total arrests, distribution by sex (table 29). aie Besta 2 Pela 124 Total arrest trends by sex, 1966-1967 (table 30)_..____.________- 125 Total arrests by race (table 31) _ __ --_- eal a ae lt 126-128 City arrest trends, 1966-1967 (table 32)_._........_____._______- 129 Reape Bi CIE a ang wis es ie nceeccencewedsts 130-131 City arrests of persons under 15, under 18, under 21, and under 25
(table 34) _- SAG een ai ike aa OEE aeibabh Kae ee ekae 132 City arrests, distribution by : sex (table 35) ____-_- adbatee Fee 133 City arrest trends by sex, 1966-1967 (table 36).......-_______._- 134 City arrests by race (table 37) - ‘ung, Soeaeeee 135-137 Suburban arrest trends, 1966-1967 (table 38). wiienniae Meas Sues oe 138
Suburban arrests by age (table 39)_________________________- 139-140 Surburban arrests of persons under 15, under 18, under 21, and
I tosh vo kdecvecactinn Rh HES 141 Suburban arrests, distribution by sex (table 41)________________- 142 Suburban arrests by race (table 42)_.._-......---.------___.- 143-145 Rural arrest trends, 1966-1967 (table 43)_._.....________________ 146 Rural arreste by age (table 44)........._.-.....--...--2--.2- 147-148 Rural arrests of persons under 15, under 18, under 21, and under 25
(table 45) _- erhivanrad thee eRe Paes tiee Leelee a Rural arrests, disteibution by ee Ge ... so ok eR 150 Rural arrests by race (table 47)... ....2......-......-222..- 151-153 Suburban and rural arrest trends by sex, 1966-1967 (table 48) ___ 154
Dae OO NS Tite 3.2. ot I i ees 155-176 Full-time police employees; number, rate and range (table 49) ____ 156 Full-time police officers; number, rate and range (table 50) ______- 157 Civilian employees, percent of total (table 51)__________________ 158 Police officers killed (table 52)_.................._...-__. 7s 158 Assaults on police officers (table 53) _____.-..---------______._- 158 Full-time state police and highway patrol employees, and police
eee UN SSUES hae ss FOR da a ER 159 Police employees in individual cities (tables 55 and 56)________- 160-176
Offenses in individual areas 25,000 and over by population groups
PRES ical bikw 0dr ccna Relay dacs cance eeeea akan 117-193
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Preface
Perhaps never in our history has there been such widespread concern over crime and the capability of our criminal justice agencies to contend with it. The passage of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 is the result of a national demand for public order. This far-reaching Act, signed into law by the President, promises substantial financial and functional sup- port to local and state law enforcement agencies. Achievement of this Act’s objective—to improve the performance of law enforcement—will depend on wise application of the funds available and sound implementation of the Act’s provisions by state and local agencies.
As J stated on these pages last year, a vital need within the state is effective criminal justice statistical programs. Crime statistics are necessary if the states are to know the extent and nature of the crime problem and be in a position to intelligently plan for and evaluate their criminal justice systems. These programs are an essential part of statewide computerized information systems which are rapidly being developed. The FBI has been providing assistance to a number of states during the past several years in developing statewide programs of police statistics and stands ready to afford such assistance to all states upon request. The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act offers the states financial help in developing and implementing such systems, including a collection of police statistics.
Uniform Crime Reports provides this country’s only nationwide view of crime. This Program does present a practical measure of this Nation’s most common local crime problems. Like the collection of other mass social data, it cannot be statistically pure. The development of state programs of police statistics will further improve the quality and completeness of Uniform Crime Reports. Certainly, any national collection of complete criminal justice statistics will require standards that can be obtained only through centralized state programs.
The National Crime Information Center, operaiing as a computerized nationwide index utilized by law enforcement at local, state and Federal levels, provides a nucleus of information interchange. This system and related state systems are the tools by which a more effective and efficient flow of law enforcement information is being accomplished.
Joun Epcar Hoover, Director.
Crime Factors
Uniform Crime Reports give a nationwide view of crime based on police statistics made possible by the voluntary cooperation of local law enforcement agencies. Since the factors which cause crime are many and vary from place to place, readers are cautioned against drawing conclusions from direct com- parisons of crime figures between individual communities without first con- sidering the factors involved. The national material summarized in this publi- cation should be used, however, as a starting point to determine deviations of individual cities from the national averages.
Crime is a social problem and the concern of the entire community. The law enforcement effort is limited to factors within its control. Some of the conditions which will affect the amount and type of crime that occurs from place to place are briefly outlined below:
Density and size of the community population and the metropolitan area of which it is a part.
Composition of the population with reference particularly to age, sex and race.
Economic status and mores of the population.
Relative stability of population, including commuters, seasonal, and other transient types.
Climate, including seasonal weather conditions.
Educational, recreational, and religious characteristics.
Effective strength of the police force.
Standards governing appointments to the police force.
Policies of the prosecuting officials and the courts.
Attitude of the public toward law enforcement problems.
The administrative and investigative efficiency of the local law enforce-
ment agency, including the degree of adherence to crime reporting standards.
Summary
(This section is for the reader interested in the general crime picture. Technical data, of interest primarily to police, social scientists, and other students, are presented in the following sections. If you wish assistance in the interpretation of any information in this publication, please communicate with the Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. 20535)
Crime Capsule
Over 3.8 million serious crimes reported during 1967, a 16 percent rise over 1966.
* * *
Risk of becoming a victim of serious crime in- creased 15 percent in 1967 with almost 2 victims per each 100 inhabitants.
* * +
Firearms used to commit over 7,600 murders, 52,000 aggravated assaults and 73,000 robberies in 1967.
x * s
Since 1964 use of a firearm in murder up 47 percent; in aggravated assault up 76 percent. Armed robbery during same period up 58 percent.
* * +
Daytime burglaries of residences rose 187 per- cent from 1960 to 1967.
* * *
Property worth more than $1.4 billion stolen as a result of 202,050 robberies, 1,605,700 burglar- ies, 3,078,700 larcenies, and 654,900 auto thefts. Police recoveries, however, reduced this loss by 51 percent.
* * *
Arrests of juveniles for serious crimes increased 59 percent from 1960 to 1967, while number of persons in the young age group, 10-17, increased 22 percent.
* * *
Arrests for Narcotic Drug Law violations rose 165 percent, 1960-1967. Narcotic arrests 1967 over 1966 up 60 percent, influenced primarily by mari-
juana arrests. * * *
Police solutions of serious crimes declined 8 percent in 1967.
* * *
Seventy-six law enforcement officers murdered by felons in 1967. Firearms used as murder
weapons in 96 percent of police killings since 1960.
* * *
1967 rate of 2 police employees per 1,000 popu- lation was unchanged from 1966.
* * *
Careers in Crime: Study disclosed 60 percent of offenders released to the street in 1963 rearrested within four years.
* * *
Fifty-nine percent of the offenders released on parole were rearrested within four years.
2 * . Seventy-two percent of prisoners released early in 1963 after earning ‘‘good time’’ were rearrested.
« * *
Ninety-one percent of those persons acquitted or dismissed in 1963 were rearrested within four years.
* + *
Seventy-eight percent of persons granted pro- bation in 1963 for auto theft repeated in a new crime.
* * «
Of the young offenders under 20 released in 1963, 70 percent repeated.
* * «
CRIME AND POPULATION
Crime up 89% Crime Rate up 71%
1960 - 1967 PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1960
Population up 10%
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
CRIME = INDEX OF CRIME OFFENSES CRIME RATE = NUMBER OF OFFENSES PER 100,000 POPULATION
FBI CHART
CRIMES OF VIOLENCE 1960 - 1967 PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1960
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
LIMITED TO MURDER, FORCIBLE RAPE, ROBBERY AND AGGRAVATED ASSAULT
FBI CHART
CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY 1960 - 1967
PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1960 . . Property Crime up 91%
TM oe p up 73%
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
LIMITED TO BURGLARY, LARCENY $50 AND OVER, AND AUTO THEFT
FBI CHART
CRIME INDEX TOTALS
The Uniform Crime Reporting Program em- ploys seven crime classifications to establish an index to measure the trend and distribution of crime in the United States. These crimes— murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny $50 and over in value, and auto theft—are counted by law enforcement agencies as the crimes become known to them. These crimes were selected for use in the Crime Index because, as a group, they represent the most common local crime problem. They are all serious crimes, either by their very nature or due to the volume in which they occur. Basically, they can be categor- ized as violent crimes, such as murder, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault, or as crimes against property, such as burglary, larceny $50 and over in value, and auto theft.
It is believed desirable to point out that there is no way of determining the total number of crimes which are committed. Many criminal acts occur which are not reported to official sources. In light of this fact, the best source for obtaining a count of crime is the next logical universe, namely, crimes which come to police attention. The crimes used in the Crime Index are those considered to be most consistently reported to police and the computations of crime trends and crime rates are prepared using this universe— offenses known to police.
The crime counts set forth in this publication are actual offenses established by police investigation. When police receive a complaint of a crime and the follow-up investigation discloses no crime occurred it is “unfounded.” In 1967, on a national average, police investigations “unfounded” four percent of the citizen complaints concerning Crime Index offenses, ranging from 3 percent in the larceny classification to 18 percent in the forcible rape complaints. Unfounded complaints are elim- inated from these crime counts.
In calendar year 1967 more than 3.8 million of these serious crimes were reported to law enforce- ment agencies, a 16 percent national increase over 1966. The violent crimes as a group make up 13 percent of the Crime Index total and rose 16 percent, with murder up 11 percent, forcible rape 7 percent, robbery 28 percent, and aggravated assault 9 percent. Each of the property crimes recorded an increase, thereby contributing to the 17 percent rise in this group of offenses which represents 87 percent of the Crime Index total. Burglary was up 16 percent and larceny $50 and
4
over in value increased 17 percent. Auto theft continued its upward trend by registering an 18 percent increase. Since 1960, the violent crimes have increased 73 percent, property crimes 91 percent, and the combined total 89 percent in volume.
The suburban areas continued to show a sharp upswing in the volume of crime with a 16 percent rise. The large core cities having populations in excess of 250,000 were up 17 percent in volume and the rural areas were up 12 percent. Among city groups, those places with more than 100,000 inhabitants experienced a 17 percent crime increase and within this group cities having over one million inhabitants recorded a 7 percent rise. Although the trend of crime continues sharply upward in suburban areas, a much higher volume of crime occurs in the large cities.
Each individual crime classification had in- creases in each geographic region with the volume of crime in the North Central States in 1967 up 19 percent, the Northeastern States 17 percent, and the Western and Southern States each up 15 percent.
Estimated 1967 crime figures for the United States are set forth in the following table. As explained on page 56 of this publication, the trends shown in this table are based on the actual reporting experience of comparable places.
CRIME AND POPULATION
Crime rates relate the incidence of crime to population. From a more realistic point of view, a crime rate should be considered as a count of victims. The discussion that follows will demon- strate that the risk of becoming a victim of crime in this country is increasing and that population growth cannot alone account for the crime increases.
The national Crime Index rate rose from 1,667 offenses per 100,000 population in 1966 to 1,922 in 1967, a 15 percent increase in the victim rate. The rise in the national crime rate since 1960, or the risk of being a victim of one of these crimes, has risen 71 percent. Many factors influence the nature and extent of crime in a particular com- munity. A number of these factors are shown on page vi of this publication. A crime rate only takes into consideration the numerical factor of population and does not incorporate any of the other elements which contribute to the amount of crime in a given area. The statistical tables in this publication disclose that the varying crime
100
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p to w, a t of non- rime ition
rime
| 667 22 in rate. 0, or imes, e the com- non only or of f the int of les in crime
—K neice
Estimated crime 1967 Percent change over 1966 Percent change over 1960 Crime Index classification 1 ae y kee Rate per
Number 100,000 Number Rate Number Rate inhabitants
Total Seareea 3, 802, 300 1,921.7 +16. 5 +15. 3 | +88.7 +711 Murder ; 12, 090 | 6.1 +10.8 | +8.9 | +34. 4 | 422.0 Forcible rape poeeel 27, 100 13.7 +7.0 +6.2 | +60. 8 +45.7 Robbery... i 202, 050 102.1 | +28. 4 +27.1 +88. 2 +70. 5 Aggravated assault___. od 253, 300 128.0 +9.3 +8.1 +-66.7 +651.1 Burglary --- ‘ 1, 605, 700 811.5 +15.7 +14.6 +78.9 | +62. 1 Larceny $50 and over band . ‘ 1,047, 100 | 529. 2 +17.0 | +15.8 +106. 8 +87.5 OT. nc ncnegusiacdvass er eenicae 654, 900 331.0 +17.6 | +16.4 +101. 1 +82.3
experiences, especially among large cities and sub- _— above table discloses each crime category re- urban communities, are affected by a complex set —_ corded a rate increase ranging from 6 percent in of involved factors and are not solely limited to forcible rape to 27 percent in robbery. The numerical population differences. The text tables number of crimes per unit of population is, as set forth on these pages reveal the variation in expected, highest in the large metropolitan centers
crime experience by geographic region and partic- —_ and in those areas where populations are growing ularly large core cities as contrasted with the the fastest. suburban and rural areas. The accompanying charts illustrate the trend
of crime in the United States for 1960 through 1967 by showing percentage changes in volume and rate of crime together with the population
Crime Rate by Area, 1967
{Rate per 100,000 inhabitants]
sue increase. Separate charts provide similar informa- eitiueh = tion relative to crimes of violence and crimes hd Total Cities Sub- ine 7 @ . - or} oe) ee te against property. Since 1960, the rate for crimes 250,000 of violence as a group increased 57 percent and property crime rate rose 73 percent. ne 1921.7 | 3,788.8 1475.6, 709.2 a iat tad ss Se ne eee The reader’s attention is directed to the tables Murder 6.1 11.9 3.3 59 containing arrest data which commence on page Forcible rape “so 13.7 27.3 10.9 8.6 , +4: : : ERS 12 aes. ) nal aael © aes 1.9 ~—«-1.16 for additional information on the seven Crime Aggravated assault... 128.0 | 257.0 78.9 7.0 Index offenses, as well as arrest statistics for other Burglary. 4 811.5 | 1,473.8 678.8 348. 6 i.e “ee Larceny $50 and over 529.2 | 912.7 459.8 194.7 criminal acts. Auto theft ‘ 331.0 776.0 205. 4 61.5
MURDER AND NONNEGLIGENT
7 MANSLAUGHTER Crime Rate by Region, 1967 [Rate per 100,000 inhabitants} This Crime Index offense includes all willful “ie killings without due process and is scored on the Jorth- J Sout! 7 . "i . ‘ ‘ Conitinetins dha ee | Gon eee basis of police investigation as opposed to any
3! a i ie bee decision of a court, coroner, jury or other judicial
* body. Deaths caused by negligence are not in-
Total 2, 032. 0 1, 686. 0 1, 638.9 2, 679.0 ‘ .
a's Cluded in this category but are counted as uneee + = “8 Se 49 manslaughter by negligence. Attempts to kill or Forcible rape 10.6 13.5 12.9 20.1 ‘a Robbery... 17.0; 57; 77, 139 assaults to kill are scored as aggravated assaults SEES CREE... 105.3 | 102.2) 163.5) 138-3 and not as murder. The crime count in this offense DOING... 5... 2.05. eal 833.3 | 684.8 705. 6 1, 187.8 . i es . Larceny $50 and over 562.1; 443.1) 434.2 01.2 Classification also excludes suicides, accidental Auto theft side 399. 6 321.7 238.7 417.8
deaths and justifiable homicides.
The overall crime rate increase in 1967 was Volume
attributable to the upward climb of violent In 1967 there were an estimated 12,090 murders crimes, as well as crimes against property. The committed in the United States. When compared
5
to the 10,920 murders recorded in 1966, this represents a numerical increase of 1,170 homicides, and is the largest absolute rise over any prior year in the 1960’s. This crime makes up less than 3 per- cent of the crimes of violence, and less than one- half of 1 percent of all Crime Index offenses. As in prior years, more murders were committed in the summer months, yet December, 1967, was the peak month of the year. December has been the peak month each calendar year during the past decade with the exception of 1963. Volumewise, 48 percent of the murders occurred in the Southern States. The North Central States contributed 23 percent, the Northeastern States 16 percent, and the Western States recorded 13 percent of the will- ful killings nationwide.
Trend
Murder increased 11 percent in 1967 over 1966. Since 1960, the number of murders has risen 34 percent. The following chart indicates the trend in the volume of murder as well as the trend in the murder rate, 1960 through 1967.
Regionally, murder rose 15 percent in the Northeastern and North Central States in 1967. This was followed by a 14 percent increase in the Western States and a 7 percent increase in the Southern States. The Nation’s big cities with 250,000 or more inhabitants registered a 20 percent increase in 1967 over 1966. This percentage in- crease was more than double that in the suburbs, which witnessed an 8 percent rise while murder in the rural areas was up 6 percent.
MURDER
1960 -
1967
PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1960 = = ==. NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 34 PERCENT exes RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 22 PERCENT
+40
+30
+20
1960 1961 1962
1963
1964 1965 1966 1967
FBI CHART
Murder Rate
In 1967, there were 6.1 victims per 100,000 population, up from 5.6 in 1966, a 9 percent increase in the murder rate. Nationwide, cities with 250,000 or over population had a murder rate of 11.9 per 100,000 population, up 20 percent over 1966. In the suburban areas the rate was 3.3, an increase of 10 percent over the prior year, while the rural areas had a rate increase of 4 percent to 5.9.
The number of murder victims in proportion to population was highest in the Southern States where the rate 9.4 was 6 percent above 1966. In the Western States the rate of 4.9 was 14 percent over 1966 and the North Central States with a rate of 4.9 was up 11 percent. The rate of 4.1 in the Northeastern States was 14 percent higher than the 1966 rate of 3.6.
Nature of Murder
Through the use of a supplemental report, de- tails are collected on murders to obtain data on age, sex and race of the victim, the weapon used to commit the offense, and the circumstances or motive which led to the crime.
In 1967, the murder victims were 3 to 1 male, the same ratio as in 1966. Nationwide, the ratio of arrests for murder was more than 5 males to 1 female. Forty-five of every 100 victims were white and 54 were Negro. The remaining 1 per- cent was distributed among Indian, Chinese, Japanese and other races. By age, it is determined that 6 of every 10 murder victims were between 20 and 45 years of age with the largest number, 27 percent, falling in the 20 to 29 age group.
Firearms continue to be the predominant weapon used in murder, as illustrated in the accompanying chart, with over 63 percent of the 1967 criminal homicides resulting from the use of a firearm. This is an increase of 17 percent in the use of guns over 1966. Cutting or stabbing weapons were used in 20 percent of the murders, other weapons, including blunt objects such as hammers and clubs, poison, arson, explosives, drowning, etc., in 8 percent, and in the remaining 9 percent of the murders, personal weapons such as hands, fists and feet were used. Firearms were the most predominant murder weapons in the Southern States, used in over 7 of every 10 homi- cides. Cuttings or stabbings were the highest in
MURDER
BY TYPE OF WEAPON USED
HANDGUN
RIFLE
SHOTGUN
CUTTING OR STABBING OTHER WEAPON
(CLUB, POISON, etc.)
PERSONAL WEAPON
(HANDS, FISTS, FEET, etc.)
FBI CHART 7
Murder by Circumstance— Percent | i Roman-} | eens} Parent | Other | tic tri- | Other |Known killing | killing | family | angle | argu- | felony spouse | child |killings| and | ments | type | lovers’ | quarrels)
Northeastern
North Central States. ___-
Southern States
Western States.
Total
the Northeastern States in over 3 out of each 10 slayings, while blunt objects or other dangerous weapons were used more often in the Western States than in any other geographic region. The use of personal weapons resulting in strangula- tion, etc., was highest in the Northeastern States and lowest in the Southern States. Since 1964 murder with the use of a firearm has risen 47 percent, a cutting or stabbing instrument 7 per- cent, a club or other blunt object 13 percent, and personal weapons 10 percent. Table 22 sets forth the percentage of murder by the use of firearms by state for the years 1962-1967.
As pointed out in prior issues of this publica- tion, police are powerless to prevent a large number of these crimes, which is made readily apparent from the circumstances or motives which surround criminal homicide. The significant fact emerges that most murders are committed by relatives of the victim or persons acquainted with the victim. It follows, therefore, based on these facts, that criminal homicide is, to a major extent, a social problem beyond police prevention. In 1967, killings within the family made up over 28 percent of all murders. Over one-half of these involved spouse killing spouse and the remainder involved other family killings.
In this Program felony murder is defined as those killings resulting from robberies, sex mo- tives, gangland slayings, and other felonious activities. These known and suspected felonious killings resulted in 22 percent of the total number of murders in 1967. The above table demon- strates by geographic region the percentage of murder by type of circumstance in 1967.
Murder, Type of Weapon Used—Percent
| Knife or | Blunt
Firearms other cut-| object, | Personal | ting in- | club, etc.| weapons | Strument
| Northeastern States.............. 44.3 | 31.8 | 10.1 13.8 North Central States ; 65.9 | 17.8 6.9 | 9.4 Southern States_. a 72.2 17.3 | 5.5 5.0
Western States sthke as o. 59.2 17.1 | 11.9 | 11.8
Ns ins o3.6/ mol} 77| 8.7
Almost 3 of every 10 criminal homicides in the United States were within the family unit in 1967. In addition, about 1 of every 10 was the result of romantic triangles or lovers’ quarrels. More than 4 of every 10 were the direct result of arguments outside the family unit and not involving the romantic triangle situations. It is known that the persons participating in these arguments were most frequently acquainted prior to the fatal act.
In situations involving husband and wife, the wife was the victim in 55 percent of the cases and the husband in 45 percent. In these incidents almost 47 percent of the victims were white, 52 percent were Negro and 1 percent other races.
In lovers’ quarrels, the female was the victim in 55 percent of the incidents but when a third party entered the scene to complete a romantic triangle, a male was the victim in over 9 out of every 10 episodes.
The victims of felony-type murders were 69 percent white, 30 percent Negro, and 1 percent other race or race not stated.
Clearances
Nationally, police continue to be most success- ful in clearing or solving by arrest a higher per- centage of the murder cases than any other Crime Index offense. In 1967, 88 percent of the criminal homicides were solved, a slight decrease from 1966. This is the second straight year in which the percentage of solutions of murders have fallen, when it is recalled that in 1965 over 90 percent of all murders were cleared by arrest. In 1967, persons under 18 years of age were involved in 5 percent of the willful killings solved by police.
Persons Arrested
Based on reports submitted by law enforce- ment agencies, more than 9 percent of all persons
i ee ee ee. ee ee |
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oe
the 67. of an nts the the ere ict. the and ‘nts
52
tim nird ntic t of
» 69 cent
cess- per- rime tinal 966. the lien, nt of 1967, in 5 ce.
force- rsons
arrested for murder were under 18 years of age and 37 percent were under 25. The involvement of the young age group under 18 years of age is indicated in the long-term arrest trends for murder, 1960-1967, where a 56 percent increase occurred. The increase in adult arrests for murder during this same period was 39 percent. Numerically, the 20 to 24 year age group had the heaviest involvement during 1967 with 20 percent of the total arrests coming from within this age group. Negroes made up 59 percent of the arrests for murder in 1967 and 54 percent of the victims of homicide were also Negroes. There was a 6 percent increase in the number of arrests of females for murder in 1967 as compared with 1966 and a 15 percent increase in females under 18 years of age arrested for this offense.
Persons Charged
Police reports disclose that of all persons ar- rested for having been involved in murder, 65 percent were formally charged by police. This is down from the 68 percent who were formally charged in 1966. Of those charged, 8 percent were young persons whose cases were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction. This compares with the 7 percent of juveniles who were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction in 1966. Insofar as adults were concerned, of those charged with murder, 47 percent were found guilty as charged, 18 percent entered pleas or were convicted on a lesser charge and 34 percent were released by acquittal or dismissal of charges against them.
AGGRAVATED ASSAULT
Aggravated assault is defined as an unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily injury usually accom- panied by the use of a weapon or other means likely to produce death or great bodily harm. Attempts are included since it is not necessary that an injury result when a gun, knife, or other weapon is used which could and probably would result in serious personal injury if the crime was successfully completed.
Volume
In calendar year 1967, there was an estimated total of 253,300 aggravated assaults. Aggravated
assaults increased by over 21,000 offenses in 1967 over 1966. This violent crime against the person made up almost 7 percent of the Crime Index offenses in 1967 and comprised 51 percent of the crimes of violence. Regionally, the Southern States recorded 40 percent of the total count of these crimes followed by the North Central States 22 percent, the Northeastern States 20 percent with the remaining 18 percent occurring in the Western States. As has been the experience in prior years, the warm summer months recorded the high frequencies during 1967. (See Chart 10.)
Trend
In 1967, aggravated assault increased 9 percent over 1966 and since 1960 has risen 67 percent. Cities 250,000 and above had a 9 percent in- crease in trend with the suburban areas up 10 percent and rural areas up 6 percent. The North Central States reported an upward trend of 13 percent while the Western States increased 11 percent. The Northeastern and Southern States each recorded an increase of 8 percent.
Aggravated Assault Rate
For each 100,000 persons in the United States during 1967, there were 128 victims of an ag- gravated assault. Large core cities 250,000 and over in population recorded a rate of 257 per 100,000 while the suburban and rural rates were 79. Overall, the aggravated assault rate in- creased 8 percent over 1966, and since 1960 the victim risk rate has risen 51 percent. (See Chart 6.) All geographic regions recorded increases in aggravated assault during 1967. The Southern States were again highest with a rate of 163 while the Western States reported a rate of 138. The Northeastern and North Central States noted rates of 105 and 102 per 100,000 inhabitants. The victim risk rate was up 13 percent in large core cities while the suburban area rate was up 10 percent and the rural areas 6 percent.
Nature of Aggravated Assault
Most aggravated assaults occur within the family unit or among neighbors or acquaintances. The victim and offender relationship, as well as the very nature of the attack, makes this crime similar to murder. In 1967, almost 21 percent of the serious assaults were committed with the use of a
AGGRAVATED ASSAULT
1960
1967
PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1960 = = = =~NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 67 PERCENT RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 51 PERCENT
-10
1961 1962
firearm. A knife or other cutting instrument was used in 33 percent of the assaults, 22 percent were committed with blunt objects or other dangerous weapons, and 24 percent with personal weapons, such as hands, fists and feet. The collection of crime counts in this offense category was broken down into the above subclassifications com- mencing in 1964 in order to further define the
10
1963
1960
1964 1965 1966 1967
FBI CHART
nature of these serious assaults. During the four-year period, 1964-1967, assaults with fire- arms were up 76 percent, assaults with a knife or other cutting instrument rose 4 percent, those where blunt objects or other dangerous weapons were used increased 23 percent and the crimes where personal weapons were employed recorded a 38 percent rise. The table which follows demon-
the fire- knife those pons rimes yrded mon-
strates the regional experience of aggravated assault in 1967, by type of weapon used.
Aggravated Assaults, Type of Weapon Used
Percent Region | Knife or | Blunt | | other | object or | Firearms} cutting other Personal | | instru- | danger- | weapons ment ous | weapon Northeastern States . - aiciilbew te 13.7 | 38.2 | 24.4 23.7 North Central States ____.__- | 28] 327] 21.1 23.9 Southern States_............-- -| 24. 6 | 33. 4 | 19.7 22.3 Western States... .................| 20.6 | 24.9 | 26.7 27.8 Total _. ieut Be 20.2 32.8] 223 24.0 5 RD sececidein Nediuaani Clearances
Performance, as measured by solutions, in- dicates American law enforcement agencies were successful in solving 69 of each 100 cases in 1967. This relatively high solution ratio follows that of the other crimes against the person; nonetheless, solutions decreased 4 percent from the overall 72 percent solution ratio in 1966. Persons under 18 years of age were identified in 9 percent of these clearances. Due to the nature of these crimes, ar- rests are frequently made upon the response of patrol units. This type of patrol call is hazardous to the officers. Since 1960, 86 officers have lost their lives in responding to disturbance-type calls, which frequently involved family arguments
Persons Arrested
Arrests for aggravated assault increased 2 percent in 1967 over 1966, while arrests of persons under 18 increased 6 percent nationwide. During the period 1960-1967 arrests of young persons under 18 for aggravated assault have increased 121 percent, and arrests for adults during this same period rose 47 percent. As a group, persons over 21 years of age accounted for 70 percent of the arrests for aggravated assault in 1967 and persons under 21, 30 percent. Arrests for males outnum- bered females by almost 7 to 1. Nearly one-half of all persons arrested for this offense in 1967 were Negro; however, prior victimization surveys have indicated the Negro is also primarily the victim in crimes against the person.
Persons Charged
Law enforcement agencies have difficulty in obtaining convictions based on original charge in the aggravated assault category. The close family
314-355 O—68——2
or other relationship which exists between victims and assailants in this category accounts for the victim’s frequent unwillingness to cooperate or testify for the prosecution. Acquittals and dis- missals, therefore, run high, almost 4 out of each 10 cases. Police charged 76 out of every 100 persons arrested for aggravated assault in 1967 and 48 percent of the adults charged for this offense were convicted on this charge. Sixteen percent were convicted on a lesser charge while 17 percent of the persons charged were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction.
FORCIBLE RAPE
Forcible rape, as defined under this Program, is the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. Assaults to rape are also included; however, statutory rape without force is not counted. Crime counts in this offense category are broken down by actual rapes by force and attempted rapes.
Volume
During 1967, there was an estimated total of 27,100 forcible rapes. Numerically, the volume increased by 1,770 offenses over 1966. Percent- agewise, forcible rape made up less than 1 percent of the Crime Index total and a little over 5 per- cent of the crimes of violence in 1967. The greatest volume was recorded in the Southern States with 29 percent of the total, while the North Central States recorded 27 percent, followed by the West- ern and Northeastern States which reported 25 and 19 percent, respectively. This percentage distribution by geographic region was similar to that experienced in calendar year 1966.
A comparison of the month-to-month varia- tions for forcible rape in 1967 with the long-term seasonally adjusted trend followed the pattern set for many years. Chart number 10 demonstrates the month-to-month variations of forcible rape during 1967, as well as a comparison with the prior five-year experience.
Trend
In calendar year 1967, the volume of forcible rape increased 7 percent over 1966. The long-term trend in this offense indicates that since 1960, the number of these crimes has risen 61 percent. This crime is committed most often in the big cities with 250,000 or more inhabitants. In 1967, this group of cities registered an upward trend of 12
ll
FORCIBLE RAPE 1960 - 1967
PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1960 = ===. NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 61 PERCENT xemmmmes RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 46 PERCENT
+60
+50
+40
pte] | | pee dnc
1960 1961 1962
percent, while the volume increased by 7 percent in the suburban areas. A decrease of 1 percent in forcible rape was noted in the rural areas. Geo- graphically, an overall increase was noted in all regions with the Southern States up 9 percent and the Western and North Central States each up 7 percent, while the Northeastern States reported a 4 percent rise.
Forcible Rape Rate
A crime rate equates the number of crimes per unit of population, and in its proper perspective,
12
1963
1964 1965 1966 1967
FBI CHART
is a victim risk rate. In 1967, 27 out of every 100,000 women were known forcible rape victims. Since 1960, the forcible rape crime rate has in- creased 46 percent. In calendar year 1967, the forcible rape rate increased by 6 percent over 1966.
The large core cities recorded a victim risk rate of 54 per 100,000 females, while the suburban area rate was 21 and the rural area 18. Again, as experienced in 1966, females residing in the Western States during 1967 were most often the victims of forcible rape. In these States, the forcible rape rate was 39 per 100,000 females.
ery
in- the 66. ate rea
the the the les.
The North Central States recorded a rate of 26, followed by the Southern and Northeastern States with rates of 25 and 21 per 100,000 females.
Nature of Offenses
In 1967, two-thirds of all offenses reported in this crime class were actual rapes by force while the remainder were attempts or assaults to rape. A violent crime against the person, this offense oc- curs most often out of reach of police patrols. Of all the Crime Index offenses, law enforcement administrators recognize that this offense is prob- ably the most under-reported crime by victims to police due primarily to fear and/or embarrassment on the part of many victims. As a national average, 18 percent of all forcible rapes reported to police were determined by police investigation to be un- founded. In other words, the police established that no offense actually did take place. This is caused primarily due to the question of the use of force frequently complicated by a prior relationship between victim and offender. Crime counts in this publication, however, are limited to actual offenses established by police investigation.
Clearances
In 1967, 61 percent of all forcible rapes were solved by arrest of the offender. This represents a decrease of 2 percent in solutions when compared to 1966 and is the second straight year in which solutions of this crime had decreased. Although rape is primarily a young adult crime, 14 percent of the cases which were solved involved persons under the age of 18.
Persons Arrested
Males in the 17 to 19 year age group again constituted the greatest concentration of arrests for forcible rape in 1967. Total arrests for this offense increased 3 percent, with arrests of persons under 18 years of age up 7 percent in 1967 over 1966. Sixty-four percent of the arrests for forcible rape during the year were of persons under the age of 25. About 47 percent of the persons arrested were Negroes, 51 percent whites, and all other races comprised the remainder. Prior victimization surveys have indicated that the Negro is also primarily the victim in crimes against the person.
Persons Charged
Of all persons arrested for forcible rape in 1967, 74 percent were formally charged by police. Thirty-seven percent of the adults charged with
forcible rape were found guilty of the substantive offense. An additional 18 percent of the adults charged were convicted of a lesser offense. Pro- secutive problems accounted for acquittals and/or dismissals in 44 percent of the cases, up from 42 percent in 1966. Juvenile referrals amounted to 21 percent of the forcible rape charges in 1967.
ROBBERY
This crime involves the stealing or taking of anything of value from the person by use of force or threat of force. Assaults to rob and attempts are included. This is a violent crime and fre- quently results in injury to the victim. For crime reporting purposes data on robbery is collected for armed robbery where any weapon is used, and strong-arm robbery where no weapon, other than personal weapons, is employed. The latter
category includes crimes such as mugging, yoking, ete.
Volume
During calendar year 1967, there were an esti- mated 202,050 robberies committed in the United States, a significant increase over the 157,320 offenses which occurred in this classification in 1966. This offense makes up over 5 percent of the total Crime Index and comprises approximately 41 percent of the crimes of violence. In 1967, these offenses occurred most frequently during the period October through December.
Geographically, the heaviest volume of robbery again occurred in the North Central States, which recorded 31 percent of the total in 1967. The percentage distribution in the other geo- graphic regions showed the Northeastern States had 28 percent, the Southern States 23 percent and the Western States 18 percent.
Trend
As in 1966, robbery once again led all other Crime Index offenses in the percentage increase in volume with a 27 percent rise and since 1960 this violent crime has increased 88 percent in the United States. Robbery, like the other crimes of violence, is primarily a big city problem. Large core cities with over 250,000 population witnessed a 28 percent rise in the volume of rob- bery. Suburban areas surrounding the large core cities also recorded a 28 percent increase, while the rural areas witnessed a 9 percent upswing.
13
ROBBERY 1960 - 1967
PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1960
NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 88 PERCENT RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 70 PERCENT
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
FBI CHART
While robbery increased in rural areas, the more significant increases occurred in the large cities and the suburban areas.
There were substantial increases in robbery in each geographic region. The Southern States had the sharpest increase with a 34 percent upswing, while the Northeastern States were up 30 percent, the Western States 28 percent and the North Central States 23 percent.
The accompanying chart depicts the long-term trend in robbery and robbery rate, 1960-1967.
Robbery Rate
The 1967 robbery rate was 27 percent higher than 1966, with 102 victims per 100,000 popula- tion and 70 percent above the 1960 rate. Robbery is a big city crime. The 56 large core American cities with over 250,000 population accounted for 71 percent of all robberies.
Cities with over 250,000 inhabitants had a robbery rate of 330 victims per 100,000 popula- tion. There were 38 robbery victims per 100,000 in the suburban areas, up 24 percent over the preceding year, and 11 victims in the rural sections of the country. Robbery rates in the larger cities were almost 9 times as great as they were in the suburban areas, again illustrating the fact that robbery rates tend to increase in proportion to density of population. On a geographic basis, this crime occurred most frequently in relation to population in the Northeastern States where the rate was 117, 29 percent higher than 1966. The North Central States followed with a rate of 116 which was a 22 percent increase, the Western States 109, a 27 percent rise, and the Southern States 75, a 33 percent increase.
Nature of Robbery
Supplemental information is obtained from cities with populations of 25,000 or more as to robbery by type as a part of the monthly collection of statistical data under this Program. In 1967, these figures disclosed that 54 percent of the robberies were committed in the street. Bank robbery witnessed a significant 45 percent increase in 1967, with the average bank robbery dollar loss in excess of $5,000.
Armed—any weapon....| 57.8 57.3 55.0 57.4 4.9 Strong-arm—no weapon 42.2 42.7 45.0 42.6 35.1
The long-term trends in robbery by type, as illustrated by the following charts, show bank robbery has had a sharp increase of 278 percent since 1960. During this same period, 1960-1967, gas or service station holdups have risen 123 percent, chain store robberies 156 percent, robber- ies in residences 64 percent, and holdups of other commercial or business establishments 60 percent.
Armed perpetrators were responsible for com- mitting 58 percent of the robbery offenses during 1967, while the remaining 42 percent were mug- gings, yokings, or other violent confrontations where personal weapons were used to subdue or overcome the victim. Since 1964 armed robbery has increased 58 percent and unarmed robbery 53 percent.
During 1967, a special survey was conducted to determine the types of weapons used in armed robbery. The results of this survey indicate that 63 percent of all armed robbery is committed with a firearm, 24 percent with a knife or other cutting instrument and 13 percent with blunt objects such as clubs, etc. In 1967 there were over 73,000 robberies with the use of a firearm.
It should be remembered that the full impact of this violent crime on the victims cannot be measured fully in terms of dollar loss. While the object of the attack is money and personal objects, many victims of the mugger and the strong-arm robber, as well as the armed robber, suffer serious personal injury as a result of the attack. During the last calendar year, the average value loss to the victims of robbery was $261 for a total loss of approximately $53 million.
Clearances
In 1967, law enforcement agencies were success- ful in solving 30 percent of these crimes, a decrease of 8 percent when compared with 1966. Approxi- mately 4 of every 5 robberies which were cleared
15
STREET ROBBERY ROBBERY OF 1960-1967 COMMERCIAL HOUSE 1960-1967
UP 86% UP 60%
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
ROBBERY OF ROBBERY OF GAS STATION CHAIN STORE
1960-1967 1960-1967
UP 123%
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 +280%
ROBBERY OF +240% BANK ROBBERY RESIDENCE 1960-1967 1960-1967
+ 200%
UP 64% UP 278% + 160%
+ 120% + 80%
+40%
1960 1960 1961 1962 1963 196 1966 1967 FBI CHART
67
967
by arrest involved adults. Fourteen percent of the armed robberies and 34 percent of the strong-arm type which were cleared, involved arrests of per- sons under 18 years of age.
Persons Arrested
Nationally, arrests for robbery increased 19 percent in 1967 when compared to 1966. Arrests in cities where volume is the heaviest were up 18 percent, in the suburban areas up 22 percent and in the rural sections of the country a 16 percent rise was noted.
Arrest data discloses that 73 percent of the persons arrested for this crime were under 25 years of age and 54 percent were under 21 years of age. Nationally, 32 percent of the persons arrested for robbery were under 18. This greater propor- tion of young age arrests compared to solutions is accounted for in part by the fact they act in groups such as in strong-arm robbery. Robbery arrests for this young age group recorded an increase of 20 percent in 1967 over 1966. In the suburban areas, young persons made up 22 percent of the robbery arrests and in the rural areas 15 percent. Again in 1967, 5 of every 100 persons arrested for robbery were females; however arrests of women for this offense rose 25 percent in 1967 when related to 1966.
From the standpoint of race, 61 percent of those arrested were Negroes, 38 percent were white and all other races made up the remainder.
Persons Charged
In 1967, police formally charged 67 percent of all persons arrested for robbery. Sixty-three percent of the persons charged with these crimes were adults and 37 percent were juveniles whose cases were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction. It is interesting to note that in 1966, 67 percent of the persons charged were adults and 33 percent were juveniles. Of the adults charged in 1967, 49 percent were convicted of robbery, 17 percent were convicted on a charge less than robbery and 34 percent were acquitted or their cases were dismissed.
BURGLARY
Under this Program, burglary is defined as the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft, even though no force was used to gain entrance, and attempts. Collection of crime counts in this category is broken down into three sub-
classifications: forcible entry, unlawful entry where no force is used, and attempted forcible entry.
Volume
In 1967, there was an estimated total of 1,605,700 burglaries. Volumewise, there was an increase of 218,500 offenses over 1966. In 1967 the large cities over 250,000 population accounted for 40 percent of all burglaries. This offense makes up 42 percent of the Crime Index offenses and almost 49 percent of the voluminous property crimes. The Southern States reported 27 percent of the total volume, the Northeastern States 25 percent and the Western and the North Central States 24 percent each.
Highs were recorded during the last half of 1967, with the peak month being December.
Trend
Since 1960, burglary nationally has increased 79 percent. In 1967, burglary rose by 16 percent over 1966. Big cities over 250,000 and suburban areas were up 16 percent. The rural areas were up 15 percent. By region, the North Central States, as a group registered the largest overall gain, up 19 percent. The Western, Northeastern, and Southern States were each up 15 percent.
Burglary Rate
The long term rise in the burglary rate, 1960—- 1967 was 62 percent. A sharp rise occurred in 1967, up 15 percent over 1966. Again the crime rate equates the number of offenses per 100,000 population and this continuing upward trend in- dicates the increasing number of victims of bur- glary both residential and nonresidential. The Western States recorded the highest burglary rate in 1967 with 1,188 offenses per 100,000 popula- tion, followed by the Northeastern States 833, the Southern States 706, and the North Central States 685. Cities over 250,000 population re- ported a rate of 1,474 per 100,000 population while the suburban and rural areas showed rates of 679 and 349 respectively.
Nature of Burglary
This crime is one of stealth and opportunity committed by amateurs and professionals alike. In 1967, 78 percent of the burglaries involved forcible entry, while 15 percent were unlawful entry without force and 7 percent were attempts. Residence burglary accounted for 49 percent of the total while nonresidential amounted to 51 per-
17
+ 30% ¢ + 20%
+ 10% ANNUAL AVERAGE
10%
909 Ee Ce esos area FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
NEGLIGENT MANSLAUGHTER
se J
MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
FORCIBLE RAPE ——
10% aa
ANNUAL
20%
3 tes accent alata cp acnataaa
PAN. FEB. MAR. APR.
a,
+208 | AGGRAVATED ASSAULT —
+ 10% ANNUAL
BY MONTH
ame VARIATIONS FROM 1967 ANNUAL AVERAGE
+ 30%
+ 20% ROBBERY . <i gle
+ 10% be —
wu [sos ee
AVERAGE Fen = saaneeee = 10% en ee ___ -——
- 20% . Fee asl aed aihacsal
30% bn ‘ s soe AN FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. +20% + BURGLARY —___—_
+ 10%
ANNUAL fm ww see tn te me te oe oe . _ NERA, "Nii Te ee <———a— 10% om Bee se . 7 -
FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
_ FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
+ 10% ANNUAL
FBI CHART
BURGLARY 1960 - 1967
PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1960
aaa NUMBER. OF OFFENSES UP 79 PERCENT eum RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 62 PERCENT
+80
+70
+60
1960 1961 1962
cent in 1967. Daytime burglaries of residences rose by 20 percent in 1967, and accounted for almost half of these offenses. Since 1960, there has been an increase of 187 percent in daytime residence burglaries. Unattended apartments and homes during daytime hours are easy prey for the bur- glar. Daytime burglaries of nonresidences rose 28
20
1963
1964 1965 1966 1967
FBI CHART
percent in 1967 but accounted for only 5 percent of the total.
As a group, residential and nonresidential night- time burglary represented 71 percent of the total volume. Suppression and detection are partic- ularly difficult due to the tremendous volume of these offenses and the thinness of police patrols.
RESIDENCE BURGLARY DAYTIME
1960- 1967 UP 187%
‘mee!
NONRESIDENCE BURGLARY DAYTIME
1960-1967 UP 83%
RESIDENCE BURGLARY NIGHTTIME
1960-1967 UP 64%
- | 0 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
NONRESIDENCE BURGLARY
NIGHTTIME
1960 - 1967 UP 47%
| +40% ey 4” ti )
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 FBI CHART
21
In 1967, property owners suffered an economic loss of over $438 million, with an average dollar loss of $273 per burglary.
Clearances
Solutions were accounted for in 1 out of every 5 cases of burglary in 1967. This low clearance rate indicates the lack of a deterrent and little risk of detection.
Burglary solutions dropped 8 percent in 1967. Adults were identified in 59 percent of all cases solved while young persons under 18 were identi- fied in 41 percent. Solution levels were fairly con- sistent in all population groups. Law enforcement agencies in cities 250,000 and above cleared up 20 percent in 1967. In the suburban areas where manpower shortages are most acute and where the burglary rate is rising the fastest, 19 percent were solved while 23 percent were cleared in the rural areas.
Persons Arrested
In 1967, total arrests for burglary increased 12 percent. Arrests of persons under 18 years of age increased 11 percent and arrests of persons 18 years and over increased 13 percent. Burglary arrests increased by 12 percent in the city, 13 percent in suburban areas and 7 percent in rural areas in 1967. An analysis of the eight-year period, 1960-1967, reflected a 28 percent increase in burglary arrests. Arrests of individuals under the age of 15 increased 43 percent and those under the age of 18 years 41 percent, while arrests of adult burglary offenders increased 17 percent.
Nationally, persons under 25 accounted for 82 percent of all arrests for burglary in 1967. Of the total, young persons under 18 accounted for 54 percent of all police arrests for this crime. Of all arrests for this offense, females were involved in 4 of every 100. Arrests of whites outnumbered Negroes by more than 2 to 1.
Persons Charged
Nationally, in 1967, police placed formal charges against 7 of every 10 persons they arrested for burglary. Well over one-half, 58 percent, of the persons charged were juveniles who were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction. Of the adults charged for this crime, 54 percent were found guilty as charged, 17 percent were convicted of a lesser charge, and 29 percent were freed through acquittal or dismissal of charges.
22
LARCENY-THEFT
Larceny-theft is the unlawful taking or stealing of property or articles of value without the use of force or violence or fraud. It includes crimes such as shoplifting, pocket-picking, purse-snatching, thefts from autos, thefts of auto parts and acces- sories, bicycle thefts, etc. In the Uniform Crime Reporting Program this crime category does not include embezzlement, “con” games, forgery, and worthless checks. Auto theft, of course, is excluded from this category for crime reporting purposes inasmuch as it is a separate Crime Index offense.
The Crime Index offense of larceny is limited to those thefts where the value of the goods stolen is $50 or more.
Volume
Larceny is the second most voluminous Index crime, exceeded only by burglary. In 1967 there were 1,047,100 offenses of larceny $50 and over, up from 894,600 in 1966. This crime makes up 28 percent of the Crime Index total. From a seasonal standpoint, larceny conforms to a general pattern which remains relatively stable throughout the year. Larceny has a tendency to reach a peak in August and there was, in addition, a general up- swing toward the end of 1967, similar to the ex- perience of the two prior years.
Offenses of larceny-theft were distributed quite evenly throughout all geographic regions. The North Central States contributed 23 percent to the total, the Western States 25 percent, and the Northeastern and Southern States 26 percent each.
Trend
In 1967, the Index offense of larceny $50 and over recorded a 17 percent increase over 1966 and this crime has increased 107 percent in vol- ume since 1960. In 1967, substantial increases were noted in all population groups with cities over 250,000 population up 17 percent. The subur- ban area increased 15 percent and the rural areas registered a 10 percent upward trend.
Geographically, larceny increased 20 percent in the North Central States and 18 percent in the Western States, 16 percent in the Northeastern States and 15 percent in the Southern States.
Larceny Rate
During 1967 the larceny crime rate rose to 529 offenses per 100,000 population, a sharp 16 per-
LARCENY
($50 AND OVER) 1960 - 1967
PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1960 = === NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 107 PERCENT cams RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 87 PERCENT
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
FBI CHART
cent jump over the rate in 1966 and an 87 percent rise over 1960. This rate rise was reflected in all population groups and in all geographic regions. In 1967, the large core cities registered a victim risk rate in this offense of 913 per 100,000 popu- lation. The suburban larceny rate was 460, and the rural rate was 195. Viewed geographically, the Western States reported the highest larceny rate with 801 offenses per 100,000 population which was 16 percent above 1966. The North- eastern States had a rate of 562, up 15 percent, the Southern States 434, up 14 percent, and the North Central States 443, an increase of 19 per- cent in the rate.
Nature of Larceny-theft
The average value of property stolen in each larceny in 1967 was $95, up from $74 in 1960. This average value includes losses from the vol- uminous thefts under $50 in value, of which there were 2,032,000 in 1967. When average value is applied to the estimated crimes in this category, the dollar loss to victims is in excess of $292,000,000. It is true that a portion of the goods stolen is recovered and returned to victims, but the relatively low percentage of these crimes cleared by arrest indicates these recoveries will not materially reduce the overall victim loss. In addition, of course, many offenses in this cate- gory, particularly where the value of the stolen goods is small, never come to police attention.
Since dollar valuation of property stolen in thefts determines whether or not a theft becomes a Crime Index offense, economic conditions are a factor. The rising cost of living with its upward influence on price, coupled with increased de- mand for more expensive commodities, present greater criminal opportunity and also exert some unreal effect on the larceny $50 and over trend. For example, the Consumer Price Index has risen 13 percent since 1960. Likewise, the average value of property stolen in larceny has increased 28 percent 1960 to 1967. However, during the same period, the volume of thefts $50 and over has climb- ed 107 percent.
The average value of goods and property reported stolen by victims of pickpockets was $90, by purse-snatchers $50, by shoplifters $28, by thefts from autos $136 and by miscellaneous thefts from buildings $166.
From one year to another, the distribution of larceny as to type of theft remains relatively
24
constant. As in prior years, a major portion of these thefts, 40 percent, represented thefts of auto parts and accessories and other thefts from automobiles. Other major types of thefts which contributed to the large number of these crimes were thefts from buildings, 17 percent and stolen bicycles, 16 percent. Miscellaneous types of larcenies, not falling into any of the specific categories for which statistics were collected made up 14 percent of the total. The remainder was distributed among pocket-picking, purse-snatch- ing, shoplifting and thefts from coin-operated machines.
The following table presents distribution of larceny by type in large cities, suburban and rural areas. Cities and suburban areas appear to have similar characteristics except for pocket- picking and purse-snatching which are con- siderably less in the suburban or residential areas. This, of course, is to be expected as these theft opportunities flourish where population is highly concentrated. It is interesting to note that figures for shoplifting are quite similar in the city and suburban areas while there is a decided drop in the rural area. The shopping center which is still largely absent in rural areas certainly has its effect on these figures. Thefts from autos make up 19 percent of larceny in large cities but only 12 percent in small cities and counties. Theft of automobile accessories in the city and suburban areas are about equal while there is a decided drop in these type thefts in the rural area. Again, the large concentration of population and ve- hicles as well as the accessibility of vehicles in the city and suburban areas apparently account for these distributions.
Larceny Distribution by Classification of Offense, 1967
Area Classification Tota U8.
Pocket-picking
Purse-snatching
Shoplifting
From autos (except accessories) - -
Bicycles
From buildings
From coin-operated ma¢hines.--- All others
POCKET-PICKING PURSE-SNATCHING 1960-1967 1960-1967
UP 55% UP 145%
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
SHOPLIFTING | THEFT FROM AUTOS 1960-1967 Lo 1960-1967
UP 112% Lol UP 71%
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
THEFT OF AUTO ACCESSORIES THEFT OF BICYCLES 1960-1967 1960-1967
UP 21% UP 66%
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 FBI CHART
25
Clearances
The nature of larceny, a crime of opportunity, sneak thievery and petty unobserved thefts, makes it an extremely difficult one for law en- enforcement officers to solve. A lack of witnesses and the tremendous volume of these crimes work in the thief’s favor. In 1967, 18 percent of the larceny offenses brought to police attention were cleared by arrest. Involvement of the young age group is demonstrated by the fact that 44 percent of these crimes which were cleared in the Nation’s cities were solved by arrests of persons under 18 years of age. Juvenile clearance figures for subur- ban areas and rural areas were 45 percent and 30 percent respectively.
The larceny clearance percentages were con- sistent in all population groups ranging from 16 percent in the suburbs to a high of 19 percent in the cities of 100,000 to 250,000 inhabitants and in the rural areas. Nationally, however, larceny solutions declined 3 percent when compared to 1966.
Persons Arrested
Forty-five percent of the total arrests for serious crimes in 1967 were for larceny. Arrests for this crime were up 7 percent, 1967 over 1966. Volume- wise, 55 percent of these arrests were of persons under 18 years of age and when individuals under 21 were considered, the ratio jumped to over two- thirds. When examined by sex of arrested persons, it was determined that females comprise 24 percent of all arrests for larceny-theft and have a higher involvement in this offense than for any of the serious crimes. In fact, women were arrested more often for larceny than any other offense except drunkenness.
Arrests of females rose by 12 percent in 1967 while arrests of males rose by 5 percent. Arrests of whites outnumbered Negroes by over 2 to 1 with all other races comprising about 2 percent of the arrests for larceny-theft. During the period 1960- 1967, arrests for larceny increased 51 percent. It is significant to note that arrests of individuals under the age of 15 increased by 72 percent and under the age of 18 by 66 percent while arrests of adults increased 36 percent.
Persons Charged
Police charged more than twice as many offenders for larceny-theft than for any other serious offense. Of those arrested for larceny-theft, 76 percent were formally charged and held for
26
prosecutive action, and almost one-half, 45 per- cent, of those so charged were juveniles. Adults were found guilty as charged in 70 percent of the cases, guilty of a lesser charge in 5 percent, and had their cases dismissed or were acquitted in 25 percent.
AUTO THEFT
In Uniform Crime Reporting, auto theft is defined as the unlawful stealing or driving away of a motor vehicle, including attempts. This definition excludes taking for temporary use when the vehicle is actually returned by the taker pro- viding prior authority for its use has been granted or can be assumed.
Volume
In 1967, an estimated 654,900 motor vehicles were reported stolen compared to thefts of 557,000 the year before. These thefts occurred at an aver- age rate of more than one a minute throughout the year. Geographically, the volume of auto theft was highest in the Northeastern States which reported 30 percent of the total number of these crimes. Next in order were the North Central States 27 percent, the Southern States 22 percent, and the Western States 21 percent. This crime makes up 17 percent of the total Crime Index offenses. Seasonal variations disclose auto theft generally reaches its peak in the fall of the year and 1967 was no exception in this respect with October the high volume month.
Trend
Auto thefts in 1967 increased 18 percent in volume when compared with 1966. Since 1960, this crime has risen steadily recording a 101 per- cent increase over the 8-year period. The theory that there are more auto thefts solely because there are more autos is invalid when it is shown that the percentage increase in auto theft has more than doubled the percentage increase in automobile registrations since 1960, and more than doubled the percentage increase in the young age population, 15 to 24 years.
Auto theft increases in all areas contributed to the overall 18 percent rise in 1967. On the average, large cities with 250,000 or more population had an 18 percent upward trend, the suburban areas registered a 19 percent upswing, and the rural areas were up 5 percent in these crimes during 1967.
Geographically, the theft of autos showed the sharpest upward trend in the Northeastern States with a 25 percent increase followed by the North
per- ults the and | in
t is way his hen pro- ited
icles 000 ver- 10ut heft hich hese tral ent, rime idex heft year with
t in 960, per- eory ause own
has e in more ung
sd to rage, had reas areas Fa | the tates forth
AUTO THEFT 1960 - 1967
PERCENT CHANGE OVER 1960 = = = = =NUMBER OF OFFENSES UP 101 PERCENT RATE PER 100,000 INHABITANTS UP 82 PERCENT
0 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
FBI CHART
314-355 O—68——3
Central States up 17 percent. The Southern States were up 15 percent, and the Western States had an 11 percent rise. The preceeding chart shows the increase in auto thefts since 1960.
Auto Theft Rate
In auto theft, as in other Crime Index offenses, there was a substantial increase in the rate in 1967 over 1966. From 284 victims per 100,000 popula- tion in the earlier year, the rate rose to 331 in 1967, a jump of 16 percent. The auto theft rate has risen 82 percent since 1960. There were more persons unlawfully deprived of their motor vehi- cles, 901 per 100,000 population, in the cities with 500,000 to one million inhabitants than in any other population group. In this regard, as a part of a special study it was found that 30 percent of the autos stolen in the District of Columbia were owned by nonresident victims. This is undoubtedly true in other large core cities because of the high mobility of the general population.
Nationally, the auto theft rate in the large cities averaged 776. In the suburbs the rate was 205, and in the rural areas the auto theft rate was 68.
The auto theft rates by geographic region dis- closed the Western States were high with 418. The Northeastern States reported a rate of 400, the North Central States 322, and the Southern States 239 thefts per 100,000 inhabitants.
Nationally, in 1967 one of every 123 registered autos was stolen or a rate of 8.1 per 1,000 regis- tered autos. Regionally, the highest registration theft rate appeared in the Northeastern States where 11.0 cars per 1,000 registered vehicles were stolen. In the 3 other regions the figures were 9.0 in the Western States, 7.6 in the North Central States, and 6.0 in the Southern States.
Nature of Auto Theft
Auto theft rates are indicative of the fact that this is primarily a big city problem, since the highest rates appear in the most heavily populated sections of the Nation. In 1967, the average value of stolen automobiles was $1,017 at the time of theft and although police recovered 86 percent of the stolen vehicles, the remaining unrecovered 14 percent represented a loss of over $93,000,000 to the victims. This loss figure does not take into consideration the monetary loss resulting from damage to the vehicles, property and persons which are a direct result of these crimes.
Uniform Crime Reporting special studies in the past have documented auto theft as primarily a
28
crime of opportunity. The youthful offender who is most often involved finds the vehicle subject to theft conveniently ready to drive away or the ignition easily compromised.
Clearances
Due to the fact that two-thirds of the auto thefts occur at night and over one-half are from private residences, apartments or streets in resi- dential districts, law enforcement agencies were successful in solving only 20 percent of these thefts by arrest of the offender. The crimes occur under cover of darkness and there are seldom any witnesses. On the other hand, police nationally are successful in recovering about 86 percent of all stolen cars. About 55 percent of stolen vehicles are taken and recovered within 48 hours. Al- though recovery of the vehicle does not clear the offense, the property is available for return to the victim. This high recovery percentage can be attributed to the fact that approximately 75 percent of the cars stolen are used for transporta- tion or the purpose of the theft is unknown. The remainder were taken for resale, stripping for parts, or use in another crime.
In the Nation’s largest cities 19 percent of the auto thefts were cleared during 1967. Police in the suburban areas were somewhat more success- ful having cleared 24 percent. Throughout the country auto theft clearance percentages ranged from 16 percent in the Middle Atlantic States to 25 percent in the Mountain States.
In all geographic divisions and population groups the participation of the young age group population is indicated by the high proportion of these clearances which were by arrests of persons under 18 years of age. In the large core cities, 54 percent were solved by an arrest in this age group while juvenile clearances accounted for 43 percent in the suburbs and 42 percent in the rural areas.
Persons Arrested
Persons arrested for auto theft come principally from the young age group population. In 1967, 62 percent of all persons arrested for this crime were under 18 years of age and, as a matter of fact, 17 percent were under 15 years of age. When persons under 21 are included in the computations, 80 percent of the arrests for auto theft are accounted for. Of all Crime Index offenses, auto theft had, by far, the largest proportion of arrests of persons under 18.
‘he
ion up _of ons es, age for the
rere 17 ons
80 ited iad,
The national trend in auto theft arrests dis- |The long-term arrest trend for adults disclosed a closed a 5 percent increase in 1967 when compared _ 51 percent increase in arrests for auto theft, 1960 to 1966. Adult arrests rose 8 percent while arrests through 1967. of persons under 18 increased 4 percent. Con- Next to burglary, auto theft as measured by sidering the eight year period, 1960-1967, auto _— arrests showed the least participation by females. theft arrests increased 53 percent. Arrests of | Only 4 percent of persons arrested in 1967 were individuals under the age of 15 increased 61 female and female arrests for auto theft increased percent and individuals under the age of 18 11 percent. Females under 15 recorded a 19 percent increased 54 percent during this period. increase in arrests for auto theft. Whites made up
CRIME CLOCKS
1967
6 VIOLENT CRIMES MURDER, FORCIBLE RAPE, ROBBERY OR ASSAULT TO KILL
ONE EACH MINUTE 12
6 SERIOUS CRIMES MURDER
ONE EvERY 43 miINUTES epttierse res
7 EACH MINUTE
|
6 6 FORCIBLE RAPE AGGRAVATED ASSAULT ROBBERY
one Every 19 minutes ONE EVERY 2 MINUTES ONE Every 2'AminuTES
12 12 12 ai
6 6 6 BURGLARY LARCENY AUTO THEFT ($50 and over) one eveRY 20 seconps one EvERY 30 seconps ONE EVERY 48 seconpos
FBI CHART
67 percent of the arrests for auto theft, Negroes 31 percent and all other races the remaining 2 percent. During the 1960’s arrests for auto theft involving young Negroes have more than doubled.
Persons Charged
Again, the involvement of the young age group population is made clear through police reports showing 66 percent of all persons charged for auto theft in 1967 were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction. No other Crime Index offense results in such a high percentage of juvenile referrals. When the remaining adult offenders were con- sidered as a group, 55 percent of those prosecuted on charges of auto theft were found guilty as charged, 14 percent were convicted or plead guilty to a lesser charge and 31 percent were acquitted or their cases were dismissed.
CLEARANCES
In this Program police clear a crime when they have identified the offender, have sufficient evidence to charge him and actually take him into custody. Crime solutions are also recorded in exceptional instances when some element be- yond police control precludes formal charges against the offender, such as the victim’s refusal to prosecute or local prosecution is declined because the subject is being prosecuted elsewhere for a crime committed in another jurisdiction. The arrest of one person can clear several crimes or several persons may be arrested in the process of clearing one crime.
The percentage of Index Crimes cleared by law enforcement agencies in 1967 was a substantial 8 percent below the clearance percentage in 1966. Whereas police nationally cleared 24.3 percent of these offenses in 1966, this dropped to 22.4 percent in 1967. The decrease was noted in every Crime Index offense with auto theft solutions having the sharpest decline, down 11 percent, while robbery and burglary clearances declined 8 percent each. Decreases in solutions were uni- versally reported by all population groups and by all geographic divisions. The highest overall Crime Index clearance rate regionally was re- corded by the North Central and Southern States 24 percent, followed by the Western States 21 percent and the Northeastern States 20 percent.
Reports submitted by law enforcement agencies in 1967 disclosed police were successful in solving 88 percent of the murder offenses, 61 percent of the reported forcible rapes, 69 percent of the ag-
30
gravated assaults and 30 percent of the robberies. Solutions in the property crime categories showed police cleared 20 percent of the burglaries, 18 per- cent of the larceny-thefts and 20 percent of the auto thefts. Police are able to clear a higher per- centage of the crimes against the person, not only because of the more intense investigative effort afforded these violent offenses, but also due to the smaller volume of these crimes requiring police attention and, more importantly, because wit- nesses are usually available who can identify the perpetrators.
Offenses Cleared by Arrests of Juveniles
It has been noted in several prior sections of this publication that persons under 18 years of age are becoming increasingly involved with police through commission of serious crimes. Persons 10-17 years of age make up approximately 15 per- cent of the total United States population. One means of measuring the involvement of the young age group in crime is to identify the number of crimes in which they are the offenders. In 1967, 33 percent of all Crime Index offenses solved in- volved persons under 18 years of age. It is signifi- cant to note, however, that while juvenile clear- ances remained unchanged from 1966, this is up from their 31 percent involvement in 1964. Arrests of juveniles resulted in clearing 33 percent of the suburban Crime Index offenses and 30 per- cent of those in the rural areas, unchanged from 1966.
There are a number of factors influencing the overall decline in the police solution rate. These include court decisions which have resulted in restrictions on police investigative and enforce- ment practices, sharply increasing police work- loads not limited to crime increases, an almost static ratio of police to population not com- mensurate with the sharp rise in crime, and con- stant increasing criminal mobility. Clearance tables are published beginning on page 104.
PERSONS ARRESTED
In 1967, arrests for all criminal acts, excluding traffic, increased 4 percent. Nationally, there were 37 arrests for each 1,000 persons in the United States. In 1966, there were 36 arrests for each 1,000 inhabitants. The arrest rate for big cities as a group was 51 per 1,000 population, up from 49 in 1966, for suburban areas 24, up from 23 in 1966, and for the rural areas 17, an increase from 14 in 1966. The total volume of city arrests
CRIMES CLEARED BY ARREST 1967
AGAINST THE PERSON NOT CLEARED CLEARED
7 NEGLIGENT __| MANSLAUGHTER
82%
. | AGGRAVATED Coy
697%
AGAINST PROPERTY NOT CLEARED
FBI CHART
increased 4 percent, while the suburban volume increased 9 percent and the rural trend rose 5 percent.
Arrests are primarily a measure of police activity. Arrest practices, policies and emphasis will vary from place to place and within a com- munity from time to time. The volume of police arrests for certain unlawful conduct such as drunkenness, disorderly conduct, and certain local ordinances is particularly influenced by the above. On the other hand, robbery, burglary, and other arrests for serious crimes are more likely the result of standard procedures. Arrests are first a measure of police activity as it relates to crime. Arrests do, however, provide a useful index to measure involvement in criminal acts by the age, sex and race of the perpetrators, particularly for those crimes which have a high solution rate. Procedures used in this Program require that an arrest be counted on each separate occasion when a person is taken into custody, notified, or cited. Arrests do not measure the specific number of individuals taken into custody since one person may be arrested several times during the year for the same or different offenses. As noted above, this happens frequently for certain types of offenses against public order
such as drunkenness, vagrancy, disorderly conduct and related violations.
Arrest Trends
For the period 1960-1967, police arrests for all criminal acts, except traffic offenses, have risen 11 percent. During this same period, police arrests of persons under 18 years of age rose 69 percent while the number of persons in this young age group, 10-17, increased 22 percent. It is apparent, therefore, the involvement of these young people, as measured by police arrests, is continuing at a pace more than three times their percentage in- crease in the national population. As pointed out in prior issues, a relatively small percentage of the total young age population become involved in criminal acts, about 5 out of 100. There was little change in the volume of adult arrests, 1960- 1967.
When only the serious crimes are used for trend purposes during this eight-year period, it is noted arrests increased 45 percent. Arrests of juveniles for Crime Index type offenses rose 59 percent and adult arrests increased 34 percent. Arrests of juveniles for violent crimes doubled, 1960-1967, while arrests of persons under 18 for the property crimes
32
rose 56 percent. Adult arrests for violent crimes for the same period were up 42 percent and for property crimes 31 percent.
Age
Nationally, persons under 15 years of age made up 10 percent of the total police arrests; under 18, 24 percent; and under 21, 37 percent. In the sub- urban areas, the involvement of the young age group in police arrests is considerably higher than the national figures with the under 15 age group represented in 13 percent; under 18, 34 percent; and under 21, 48 percent. In the rural areas the distributions were lower for the younger age group, with the under 15 age group being in- volved in 5 percent of total police arrests; under 18 in 21 percent, and those under 21 in 38 percent.
In reviewing arrest figures, it is important to keep in mind that police arrest practices and emphasis vary which will account for some vari- ations in these statistics from year to year. It is noted arrests of persons under 18 for Narcotic Drug Law violations have increased sharply in recent years. In fact, nationally, almost half of the individuals arrested for violations of the Narcotic Drug Laws were persons under 21 years of age.
Arrests for Narcotic Drug Law violations, 1967 over 1966, were up 60 percent nationally. From 1960 to 1967, arrests for this violation increased 165 percent. There is set forth a tabulation by geographic region showing the type of narcotic drug involved in the arrest of the offender in 1967.
NARCOTIC DRUG LAWS (percent)
Region Heroin | Mari- Syn- or juana | thetic | Other
cocaine narcotics
Northeastern States..... 50.6 3.5 13.4 North Central States................. 24.3 q 4.7 27.0 era 26.1 : 10.3 34.3 Western States ____- i caassabieahecies 4.0 13.3
4.4 16.5
In 1967, male arrests outnumbered female arrests 7 to 1. Female arrests in 1967 rose by 7 percent while male arrests increased 4 percent. Females were arrested in 14 percent of the serious or Crime Index type offenses. Their involvement in these crimes was primarily for larceny which accounted for more than 1 of every 6 female arrests. Females accounted for 21 percent of the forgery, 23 percent of the fraud and 19 percent of the embezzlement arrests.
—
e@eFrewm &
._ oS eae PN
Long-term arrest trends, 1960-1967, reveal that arrests for young females under 18 years of age rose 71 percent for auto theft and 76 percent for burglary. While arrests of young males greatly outnumbered females during this same period, nonetheless the percentage increases in both these offenses were not so pronounced, up 53 percent for auto theft and 40 percent for burglary.
When the serious crimes, as a group are con- sidered, arrests of males, 1960-1967, were up 38 percent and female arrests more than doubled over this 8-year period.
Traffic
Supplemental data submitted by cities over 25,000 population relating to traffic enforcement disclosed that nationwide, 54 percent of the cita- tions and summonses issued and arrests made in traffic matters were for parking violations. Hazard- ous traffic violations accounted for 35 percent, and other regulatory violations 11 percent. In the Southern States 51 percent of the traffic arrests were for hazardous violations. In the Western States 47 percent of the arrests were for this type of infraction, in the North Central States 35 percent, and in the Northeastern States 23 percent.
Arrest Rates
The following table sets forth arrest rates by geographic regions for Crime Index type offenses. Arrest rates indicate law enforcement activity in response to crime rates.
ARRESTS BY REGION, 1967 [Rate per 100,000 inhabitants]
| | Offense | Northeast-| North | Southern Western | ern States | Central | States States States | | en | | is simnexids acal 4.2 6.1 9.8 | 5.2 Forcible rape... ........| 7.7 8.3 | 9.4 9.8 te, 36.4 | 42.1 | 34.4 | 55.0 Aggravated assault..... 81.0 | 46.9 97.2 73.3 ee «al 119.9 157.9 | 166.9 | 239.8 Ee ; 170.1 | 332.2 343.0 431.1 ROM dicwiccnsecter 63.4 83.2 | 69.5 120. 2 I aka cnnten -| 482.7 676. 6 730.1 934.4
PERSONS CHARGED
Disposition data reveals the results of cases in which law enforcement agencies have made an arrest and subsequently formally charged the offender in a court of jurisdiction. This information
is important to the police administrator in evalu- ating the quality of the police investigation and court presentation functions.
In 1967, 75 percent of the persons arrested for Crime Index offenses were turned over to the courts. Of the adults charged with Crime Index offenses 61 percent were found guilty.
It must be recognized that not all arrested per- sons are turned over to the courts for prosecution. There are various reasons for this: failure of the victim to cooperate or appear for the prosecution, persons arrested are released with a warning, evidence is obtained which discloses the arrested person did not commit the offense or there is not sufficient evidence obtainable to support either a formal charge or a subsequent prosecution. For example, about one-half of the juveniles arrested are handled by the individual law enforcement agencies without preferring a formal charge or referring them to juvenile authorities. All con- tributors to this Program are urged to obtain and report final disposition in cases involving persons they arrest. Tables containing this data commence on page 109. Keep in mind that police methods of handling juvenile offenders differ widely. Also, the tables concerning juveniles (local age limit) refer to those who were arrested and turned over to juvenile authorities in connection with specific criminal acts.
In 1967, 34 percent of the murder defendants were either acquitted or their cases were dis- missed at some prosecutive stage. Forty-four percent of those charged with forcible rape were acquitted or had their cases dismissed and 36 percent of the persons charged with aggravated assault won their freedom through acquittal or dismissal.
Of the adults who were charged for Crime Index offenses, 10 percent were found guilty of a lesser crime and 29 percent were acquitted or their cases were dismissed. The highest per- centage of persons found guilty on the original charge in 1967 was in the larceny-theft category where 70 percent of the defendants were con- victed for theft. This was followed by 55 percent on the original charge for auto theft, 54 percent for burglary, 49 percent for robbery, 48 percent for aggravated assault, 47 percent for murder and 37 percent for forcible rape. The offense which had the highest percentage of a lesser charge was forcible rape where 18 percent of the de- fendants were convicted on some charge other than rape. This offense also had the highest
33
percentage of acquittals and dismissals with 44 percent.
In 47 percent of the cases in the Crime Index categories where formal charges were preferred, the offender was referred to juvenile court juris- diction. This referral percentage was down from 49 percent in 1966. Again, as in 1966, juvenile referrals were highest for auto theft with 66 per- cent. Young persons were referred to juvenile court jurisdiction after being charged in 58 percent of the burglary cases, 45 percent of the larceny, 37 percent of the robbery, 21 percent of the forcible rape, 17 percent of the aggravated assault, and 8 percent of the criminal homicide.
In 1967, similar to the 1966 experience, offenses of arson and vandalism recorded high percentages of juvenile referrals. When all crime categories are reviewed, it is noted that convictions on original charges remained high in the offenses against public order and decency—driving under the influence, drunkenness, disorderly conduct and vagrancy. Offenses against trust such as fraud and embezzlement also recorded a high percentage of conviction on original charges.
CAREERS IN CRIME
In January 1963, the FBI initiated a study of criminal careers. At the end of calendar year 1967, 194,550 criminal histories of individual offenders had been incorporated into the program.
The study is made possible by the cooperative exchange of criminal fingerprint data among local, state and Federal law enforcement agencies. The all-important fingerprint card submitted to the Identification Division of the FBI by these law enforcement agencies. contains information which serves as a basis for statistical examination of careers in crime. While there is a lack of uni- formity in submissions made by all law enforce- ment agencies for all criminal charges, generally it is the practice to submit a criminal fingerprint card on all arrests for serious crimes, felonies, and certain misdemeanors. Fingerprinting by police is a part of the “booking” procedure of placing a formal charge against an arrested person. The arrest and charge have substance and differ from temporary detention for questioning or investigation. On the Federal level almost all persons arrested are fingerprinted by the arresting Federal agency or United States Marshals. Federal prisons, state penitentiaries and county jails also submit fingerprint cards and related data to the FBI Identification Division.
34
As the fingerprint card constitutes a positive means of identification it becomes possible to obtain each offender’s criminal history. There is a limitation, of course, in that the offender must first be detected, arrested, and a fingerprint card submitted at the time of arrest. Of equal impor- tance is the disposition of each arrest which is also requested. FBI Identification Division finger- print files of known offenders in this Program are “flashed” to provide an accurate means of follow- up concerning any future criminal involvement. As additional information is accumulated on these persons, it is added to the record which has been previously stored in a computer. These offenders are initially selected because they have become involved in the Federal process by arrest or release. The sample also includes serious state violators arrested as fugitives under the Fugitive Felon Act, as well as District of Columbia viola- tors. Specifically excluded from this study and resulting tabulations are chronic violators of the immigration laws and fingerprints submitted by the military.
To gain insight into the career of criminal re- peaters, an analysis was made of the records of 87,600 persons arrested in 1966 and 1967 for a Federal crime or rearrested locally in these years after having been included in the Program pre- viously due to involvement in the Federal Crimi- nal Justice System subsequent to January 1, 1963.
Table A describes the distribution by age group of these persons arrested in 1966 and 1967. The emphasis upon the youthful offender is im- mediately apparent from the age distributions. It is noted that 48.2 percent of the persons in this group were in their twenties or younger. Signif- icantly over 70 percent of the offenders were first arrested under the age of 25.
Table A.—Distribution by Age Group of Persons Arrested ir. : 1966-1967
Ageattimeof | Age at first arrest arrest
Age group | Number | Percent | Number | Percent
| NE icc dasncss cc dtcutcenonsl 4, 826 5.5 38, 823 4.3 19, 955 x 24, 999 28.5 17,436 9,775 | 11.2 23, 218 8, 535 | 9.7 14, 108 3, GAl | 4.2 8, 057 ' 1,827 | 2.1
87, 600
87, 600 | 100. 0
Leniency in the form of probation, suspended sentence, parole and conditional release had been afforded to 55 percent of the offenders. After the first leniency, this group averaged more than 5 new arrests. For the purposes of this study, probation, suspended sentence, parole and con- ditional release are referred to as “leniency.”’ It goes without saying that probation and parole are special forms of treatment of criminals, but since they represent a lesser punitive action than incarceration, the term leniency is used to point up this characteristic.
Of the offender records which were processed, 71,731 were repeaters; that is they had a prior arrest on some charge. The average criminal ca- reer of the above repeaters amounted to more than ten years (span of years from first to last arrest). During the period of the criminal career this group averaged over 6 arrests, 3 convictions and 2 imprisonments. Bear in mind that disposition data is approximately 80 percent complete with regard to persons committing felonies and slightly less complete for those involved in misdemeanors or minor offenses.
From an analysis of the mobility of these repeaters a significant fact emerges—slightly more than 43 percent of these individuals confined their criminal activity to one state and 57 percent were arrested in two or more states during their criminal career. Distribution by sex and race was
j | | Murder | Felonious) Robbery | Burglary; Auto Rape
Total number of subjects... _..-.._.- BOT GD Ge o ccsncncccacesectscnce ia Average age first arrest for specific charge -_--- Average age at first arrest -.___- oie
Average criminal career (yrs.) -.---- acai Average arrests during criminal career
Crime Index arrests - __-- nieces ;
Frequency of arrest on specific charge (percent):
Three or more.__-- “n Frequency of leniency action on any charge (per- cent):
Total (percent) - -
Table B.—Profile of Known Repeaters 1966 and 1967 by Type of Crime
also considered and indicates that 93 percent were males and 7 percent were females; 66 percent were white, 30 percent Negro, and 4 percent all other races.
These 87,600 individual criminal records are made up primarily of Federal offenders who are brought into the Program due to their involve- ment in the Federal process. The fact that most of the Federal crimes as defined by statute are also local in nature permits one to infer that statistics concerning local serious offenders would closely approximate those included in this study. The violators contained in this Program generally are serious offenders and, therefore, likely repeaters since common law enforcement practice is gen- erally not to submit a fingerprint card on minor or petty crimes.
Profiles
Table B illustrates the profiles of known re- peaters by type of crime. The table consists of repeaters who were arrested in calendar year 1966 and 1967. It provides insight concerning the de- gree to which repeaters contribute to crime counts year in and year out.
These offenders included in Table B have been arrested on at least two occasions and were selected for inclusion in the study by type of crime based on their last charge. The average age of these offenders range from 27 years for the auto thief to 45 years for the gambler. Considering
—— 5 | Sex | Narcotics! Gam-
| bling ail
theft offenses
} | | 977| 9,735} 2,562 | 31 45 | © | 39 |
Leniency on specific charge (percent) _-
Average arrests after first leniency
Mobility (percent): Arrests in 1 State ES cathe apanannastiacthnimabastaced : Three or more States
the auto thief who repeated in that offense, his average age was 24 at the time of his first arrest for auto theft. While the average age at first arrest for the gambler who repeated was 39 years of age, the extreme ranges of age for first arrest for any offense were the gambler at age 30 and the burglar at 19 years of age. A significant con- sideration to bear in mind is that the average age at first arrest is influenced upward since finger- print cards are not submitted with any degree of consistency on juvenile offenders.
Criminal careers of these offenders range from 16 years for the gambler to 7 years for the more youthful auto thief. The burglar has the highest rate of repeating during a criminal career followed closely by those who were involved in felonious assault, robbery, sex offenses, narcotics and fraudulent checks.
The gambler ranked highest among those re- peating in the same type of crime as indicated by 58 percent rearrest in this violation.
The narcotic offender and the burglar followed closely with 56 and 55 percent, respectively. Of the auto thieves, 42 percent repeated in auto theft during the course of their criminal career, while 37 percent of the robbers repeated in that category. Those involved in fraudulent check ac- tivities repeated at the rate of 48 percent in this type of crime. For those offenders involved in crimes against the person—murder, rape and felo- nious assault—the repetition rate in the same criminal act is much lower than property offenders. The frequency of probation, suspended sentences and parole granted to these offenders ranged from 37 percent for gambling to 65 percent for those who had been charged with burglary. There appears to be a similarity between the burglar and the bogus check offender in that 63 percent of the latter were granted the above forms of leniency and both of these criminal types have a high rate of recidivism in the same type of offense. Leniency was granted most frequently for specific charges involving auto thieves, bogus check offenders and the narcotic violators.
The gambler and narcotic violator have the lowest rate of mobility with 66 and 53 percent, respectively, arrested in the same state during the course of their criminal career indicating the local nature of these offenders.
Prior Charges
An analysis was conducted with regard to 87,600 individuals arrested in 1966 and 1967 with special
36
emphasis on the number and type charges prior to their arrest in 1966 or 1967. It was found that 82 percent of these persons had been arrested on a prior charge, 70 percent were convicted of a prior charge and 46 percent were not only convicted but imprisoned for 90 days or more.
Of those arrested for the violent offenses of murder, forcible rape, felonious assault and rob- bery, 4 percent, 14 percent, 26 percent and 33 percent respectively had a prior record of an arrest for these same crimes. In the important area of conviction, it was found that 75 percent of those arrested in 1966 and 1967 for violent crimes (murder, rape, felonious assault and robbery) had been convicted of some prior charge. It is interest- ing to note that 49 percent of these individuals had not only been convicted but imprisoned on a prior charge for 90 days or more.
A special analysis was made concerning the crime of bank robbery and it was determined that of 1,487 bank robbers arrested in 1966 and 1967, 82 percent had a prior arrest and 51 percent had a prior arrest for a crime of violence.
The individuals involved in violent crimes were compared with those who perpetrated property crimes of burglary, larceny and auto theft. Consider- ing those persons arrested in 1966 and 1967 on property crime charges 50 percent, 41 percent and 36 percent respectively had a prior record of an arrest for these very same offenses. In the area of conviction, it was found that of the individuals arrested in 1966 and 1967 for a property offense, 69 percent had been arrested and convicted of a prior criminal charge; while 46 percent were con- victed and imprisoned on a prior occasion for 90 days or more.
4 Year Follow-Up
A study has been made of persons included in the Careers in Crime Program who were released from custody in 1963. The records of these per- sons were followed for the next four years with the cutoff date for this study being December 31, 1967. Inasmuch as they were already part of the Careers in Crime Program, new arrests were stored on magnetic tape and necessary items for this study specifically recalled.
Type of Release
Of all offenders (17,876) released to the streets in 1963, 60 percent were rearrested on a new charge within the four-year period. Chart 18 indicates that persons arrested on a new charge within 4 years ranged from 33 percent for those released
°°. a ee
—_
PERCENT OF PERSONS REARRESTED WITHIN 4 YEARS BY TYPE OF RELEASE IN 1963
FINE SUSPENDED AND SENTENCE PROBATION AND/OR PROBATION
with a fine and probation to 72 percent for offen- ders granted a mandatory release by a penal in- stitution. The percentage figure for parole includes 174 persons handled by Pre-Release Guidance Centers (Halfway Houses) of whom 68 percent were arrested within four years. It is interesting to note that 91 percent of those acquitted or dis- missed in 1963 were arrested on a new charge within four years.
As indicated earlier, formal police charge and the submission of a fingerprint card is done gen- erally for felonies or serious misdemeanors. For example, 18 percent of all rearrests were for drunkenness, disorderly conduct, serious moving traffic violations, and vagrancy. In most instances these were secondary arrests of the same offender, who also was arrested for a more serious offense. The offenders who repeated during the four-year period averaged 3 new arrests. This included 3,195 new arrests for crimes of violence and 7,839 for crimes against property.
Age
A further examination of persons released in 1963 was made by age group. Chart 19 reflects the percentage of persons, by age, who were arrested
PAROLE FINE
MANDATORY ACQUITTED RELEASE OR DISMISSED
FBI CHART
on new charges after being released in 1963. The overall high percentage figures are evident as well as the large concentration among youthful offenders.
The various types of treatment, probation, parole and mandatory release for persons released in 1963 when broken down by percentage figures disclose the highest degree of recidivism was among the more youthful offenders. Of those granted probation 65 percent under 20 years of age and 60 percent in the age group 20 through 24 were arrested on new charges. Con- sidering those who were granted a mandatory release, 85 percent of those under 25 repeated within the four year period. Statistics describing those persons released on parole showed that 71 percent of the offenders under 20 years of age and 67 percent of those 20 through 24 years of age were repeaters within four years.
Mobility
The tendency on the part of criminals to move about the nation is illustrated by percentage comparisons describing the amount of mobility
of those persons who were rearrested after release in 1963 (Chart 20). The 1963 group was followed
37
PERCENT REPEATERS
BY AGE GROUP
10% 61% 65%
7
UNDER 20 20-24 25-29
30-39
Be
w1%
40-49 508 OVER TOTAL
ALL AGES
PERSONS RELEASED IN 1963 AND REARRESTED WITHIN 4 YEARS
Table C.— Mobility of Repecters Released in 1963 by Specific Charge
Total Percent Percent rearrested | rearrested in | rearrested in | same State | other State
YeZSSRERBSEAK BSSSEuIsSssese
for four years and consisted of 10,723 repeaters. For those granted parole, 65 percent of new charges against these people were initiated in another state, while 46 percent of the persons released on probation and/or suspended sentence were rearrested in a state other than the one in which they were originally convicted. It is interest- ing to note with respect to those who were ac- quitted or their charges dropped, that 51 percent traveled to another state and subsequently
38
FBI CHART
became involved with a law enforcement agency. Table C which illustrates mobility by type of charge further confirms the high percentage of mobility.
While a high degree of mobility 52 percent for these offenders released in 1963 is apparent regarding all types of criminal offenders, some types of criminal offenders are more mobile than others. The narcotic offender and the gambler are primarily local while the auto thief has a very high degree of mobility.
Mobility is certainly an important factor with regard to robbery and burglary offenders as almost half of the new arrests for persons involved in these types of crimes were made in states other than where they were originally charged.
Type of Crime
The general tendency toward greater recidivism appears in the group engaged in the more serious types of crimes. This is demonstrated in Charts 21 and 22 which describe the percent of those released on probation, parole or granted mandatory release
MOBILITY OF REPEATERS BY TYPE OF RELEASE IN 1963
REARRESTED SAME STATE
~ SUSPENDED SENTENCE i OR dennnrettond
FINE AND. PROBATION
REARRESTED OTHER STATE
ACQUITTED OR DISMISSED
| MANDATORY ‘EZ RELEASE
PAROLE
[358
TOTAL
| 4g%
who accumulated new charges within four years following their release in 1963. The percentage of repeat for the group released on probation ranged from 78 percent for the auto thief, 74 percent for the burglary offender and 71 percent for those in- volved in narcotics to 19 percent released on em- bezzlement charges.
A similarity exists for those released on parole in 1963. Of those released on parole 72 percent of the auto thieves repeated, 68 percent of the burglars repeated, while 60 percent of those in- volved in narcotics offenses repeated. Only 22 percent of those released on parole for embezzle- ment repeated over the four-year period. While a degree of recidivism is evident with respect to all those released on probation, parole or granted a mandatory release, there is obviously a higher degree of recidivism among individuals in the more serious crimes. It would appear that some types of offenders, the embezzler for example, closely tied to the community are better risks for rehabilita- tion and respond more readily to treatment.
FBI CHART
The tendency toward a lesser degree of recidivism among those persons released on probation or fine and probation is understandable when the type of offender is considered. Certain types of crime, for example income tax evasion, theft of Government property, liquor law viola- tions, and embezzlement are perpetrated by persons who generally have roots in the community and are less likely to repeat. Many of these offenders are granted probation or fine and pro- bation, therefore, it can be expected that recidivism will be lower when these types of circumstances are considered.
Recidivism has been examined above with regard to new charges and subsequent involve- ment with law enforcement authorities. An additional study was made concerning convictions of subsequent charges to determine if the pattern of recidivism carried over to the important area of convictions. The study included all offenders released to the street in 1963. By December 31, 1966, 57 percent of these persons were rearrested
39
PERCENT REPEATERS BY TYPE OF CRIME AND RELEASE IN 1963
(PROBATION) Rearrested AUTO THEFT 18% od NARCOTICS” ASSAULT |
UQUOR LAWS 39%
GAMBLING 36%
(PAROLE)
Rearrested
EMBEZZLEMENT 72%
FBI CHART
PERCENT REPEATERS
BY TYPE OF CRIME AND RELEASE IN 1963
(MANDATORY RELEASE)
on new charges. It was determined that of these repeaters 40 percent were convicted of a new offense by December 31, 1966.
There is a definite tendency toward early re- cidivism. The group of individuals released in 1963 were followed over a four-year period, and the percentage of offenders rearrested tabulated by year. It would appear that the longer a releasee refrains from criminal involvement the greater his chances are for successful rehabilitation. The first two years appear to be critical and the
Table D.—Percent of Offenders Released in 1963—Arrested on a New Charge [By age group]
| |
Un- der | 20-24 | 25-29 30-39 | 40-49 20 |
| | 2a| ; & 1.
4.0| 55) 3.6) 8&3) 1.6 | 2.4 | 10) 1.4] 5
|
| | ry | |
Total 1963-1967 ...'
9 —
Rearrested
FBI CHART
figures suggest a greater degree of supervision is necessary during this period of time.
Table D breaks down the total fall-out into age groups. The high degree of early recidivism is obvious. There is a remarkable degree of con- sistency in the low fall-out percentages in the latter two years. The critical age group, 20 through 40, in particular exemplify the critical nature of the first two years.
Conclusion
The high degree of recidivism in all types of crime particularly predatory crime is evident from the data presented in the Careers in Crime study. Law enforcement’s problem of the repeater or hardcore criminal is compounded by their high degree of mobility. These individuals place an ever increasing burden upon law enforcement and raise serious questions wiih respect to the effective- ness of rehabilitation.
The accompanying tables provide added insight into the problems of the repeater. The figures are based upon a 4 year follow-vp after the offenders were released in 1963.
41
Table E.—Four Year Follow-Up of Persons Released in 1963 by Age, Race and Sex
| Total White Negro Other
Under 20:
With subsequent charge... __- - 1, 288 123
ii licdusicescwnbatnneahstskeeontnepnnn : | 554 | 35 |
ee a eas iad... ds SRE ERA a stages 342 158 | Percent with subsequent charge...................-. cane saieidsoae . : L 77.8
20-24: ee i nko leaded hawkenpetudeaes : With no subsequent charge...___._..
Percent with subsequent charge.._.
25-29: With subsequent charge... _- With no subsequent charge....._...__-
Percent with subsequent charge.
30-39: With subsequent charge With no subsequent charge-_.
Percent with subsequent charge...._. _.
40-49: With subsequent charge... ___ - With no subsequent charge... __-_--
Percent with subsequent charge-_-
50 and over: With subsequent charge..-. : With no subsequent charge._.._..........
Percent with subsequent charge.......................-..--...-- ‘
All ages: With subsequent charge.......................-.-.- With no subsequent charge.........................
Table F.—Four Year Follow-Up by Age Group and Type of Release in 1963
Disposition
Probation and suspended sentence: With subsequent charge With no subsequent charge
Percent with a subsequent charge... ......__. ons : Fine:
With subsequent charge With no subsequent charge
Fine and probation: With subsequent charge With no subsequent charge
Acquitted or dismissed: With subsequent charge With no subsequent charge
Cry GET I iii Seine cecceccctc cscs dndvbecttsstecedscn ea Parole:
With subsequent charge With no subsequent charge
Percent with a subsequent charge. _.___-- ,
Mandatory release: With subsequent charge With no subsequent charge
Total: With subsequent charge ae ‘ 10, 723 With no subsequent charge ( 1, 153
Grand total Percent with a subsequent charge . ; . . 37.6
1, 636 17,876
60.0
Table G.—Four Year Follow-Up by
Age and by Specific Charge on Which Released in 1963
30-39
Offense Under 20-24 25-29 | 40-49 | Sand | Total 20 | | over all ages | er oe
Assault:
oo os nicncuninencicpacdeesaneas snes 19 32 20 | 30 | ll ¥ 116 With no subsequent charge......................--.--.--------- 8 10 10 12 | 6 4 fe
OA le ncaa 27 | 42 | 30 | 42 | 17 | 8 | 166 Percent with a subsequent charge _- 70.4 76.2 | 66.7 | 71.4 | 4.7 50.0 69.9
Burglary: With a subsequent charge - _- ead 73 72 | 50 | 17 6 | 268 With no subsequent charge...........-. 22 20 14 16 ll a 87
_ ES ee seek sche 95 | 92 | 66 28 | 10 355 Percent with a subsequent charge 76.8 | 78.3 738.1 75.8 | 60.7 60.0 | 75.5
Larceny:
With a subsequent charge -_.._..._.-- 128 328 | 191 | 208 | 126 30 | 1110
With no subsequent charge... ...........- 97 | 209 124 216 | 149 | 55 850 | | |
ek a alle 25; s7| 215] 61 278 | 1960
Percent with a subsequent charge 56.9 | 61.1 | 60. 6 58.0 45.8 | 41.5 | 56.6
Auto Theft: | With a subsequent charge __......--....-. 734 | 1033 | 436 | 452 245 | 65 2065 With no subsequent charge... ............-...--- 218 | 324 | 121 115 55 | 18 851
Ee ee eee 952 | 1357 | 557 567 300 83 3816 ne ET IRIE ccna dav ccidcbw sens iitcecndecsassecsneed 77.1 76.1 | 73.3 79.7 81.7 78.3 77.7
Robbery: | S22 ic oc pcubwoses asmaduaoencamacie 26 | 46 | 29 59 26 | ll | 197 With no subsequent charge. -- - - | 8 | 31 17 48 22 | 19 145
Sr Mc nde leon g opis dno Sel wa ccieccanssetavsibonatiisteradaas 34 | 7 46 107 43 | 30 342 Percent with a subsequent charge. -_.___-.-_- -| 76. 5 | 88.7 | 63.0 55.1 54.2 | 36.7 57.6 ee =————
Narcotics: SIND. ots cenucethcssernnsBasnevecndabevancevsuneesns 20 | 139 | 205 | 354 | 102 38 858 RRO Sia oa Sn nccccnnenceckansomnaaenaee 6 | 40 58 181 106 | 0 451
| —a Tih cdidstieatakelegubekibnsineeentbmoantimedbedccabebstusesecenvacinn . 26 | 179 263 535 208 98 1309 Percent with a subsequent charge. -__................-..----- -| 76.9 | 77.7 | 77.9 | 66. 2 49.0 38.8 65.5
Gambling: os ioc teas nociubd stndessckaboknst enebieentesaeiaacentawen 6} 8 | 37 43 | 33 | 126 With no subsequent charge..-.................------ dante dba Deane nia 1} 3 | 12 | | 67 | 76 194
ip recits elias hatin de dle ssensaseliicns arin Sinkninselbe mies 1 | 8 | 20 2| n0| 109 320 eR cai cncinmencenaterssenaekeeetemegueashineee 62.5 40.0 51.4 39.1 30.3 | 39.4 ones | a
Forgery: ee IIT IID So sons cccns naceeenscesce since 41 | 255 | 253 400 212 62 1223 With no subsequent charge... 27 | 128 112 | 195 121 | 58 641
| | | | i | nts ae | NE as oer escd tiie sn penenenees as 68 | 383 | 365 | 505 | 333 | 120 | 1864 Percent with a subsequent charge----.._.............-----.--. 60.3 66. 6 69.3 | 67.2 63.7 51.7 | 65.6
Liquor Law Violations:
With a subsequent charge - 45 112 | 168 300 | 218 167 1010 With no subsequent charge 61 161 164 325 | 296 | 317 1324
kit casnsitine cone 106 273| 332) 625) S14; 484 2334 Percent with a subsequent charge 42.5 41.0 | 50.6 48.0 | 42.4 34.5 | 43.3
Fraud: Perea te | With a subsequent charge - 3 27 | rT 104 65 15 255 With no subsequent charge 1 22 53 122 96 65 359
Total... ti 4 49 | 94 226 | 161 | 80 | 614 Percent with a subsequent charge. -__-....-_. 75.0 55.1 43.6 46.0 40.4 18.8 41.5
POLICE EMPLOYEE DATA
This publication, commencing on page 156, con- tains tables showing average police employee strength by geographic division and population group, percentages of civilian employees, and an individual listing of police employees for reporting cities. Tables are published containing data rela- tive to law enforcement officers killed and as- saulted in the line of duty to supplement the nar- rative material which follows.
Police Employee Rates
In 1967, the average number of police employees per 1,000 population (including civilian personnel) remained at 2, unchanged from the 1966 rate. It should be recalled, however, the 5 percent increase in the 1966 police employee rate was the first change in the national average police employee rate since 1960. The almost static growth in police strength is overshadowed by the startling growth of crime during the 1960’s and the demands placed on law enforcement for police service— both criminal and noncriminal.
Most United States cities continue to operate with a police employee ratio of less than the na- tional average of 2.0 per 1,000. When arrayed by quartile, at least 50 percent of all American cities have police employee ratios ranging from 1.2 to 1.8 police employees per 1,000 inhabitants.
Nationally, large cities over 250,000 population, as a group, had an average ratio of 2.7, unchanged from 1966. Slight increases were noted in the group of cities 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants and cities 25,000 and under in population.
The ratio of police employees to population in the rapidly expanding suburban areas rose mi- nutely (7 percent) in 1967 to 1.5, up from 1.4 in 1966. Again it should be noted these communities which are experiencing burgeoning populations are also recording the fastest increases ia the volume of crime without a commensurate rise in police protection. One-half the suburban police departments have from 1.0 to 1.8 employees per 1,000 inhabitants. The number of police employees in sheriffs’ departments remained at 1.1 in 1967, unchanged from 1966, while about one-half of the sheriffs’ departments have from 0.4 to 1.0 employees per 1,000 population.
Geographically, cities in the Middle Atlantic States had the highest average ratio of police employees to each 1,000 population with 2.7 while
cities in the West South Central States had the lowest ratio with 1.4.
Civilian Employees
In Table 51 the percentage of total law enforce- ment personnel represented by civilian employees is tabulated by population group. On the average, during 1967, 11.8 percent of all city police em- ployees were civilians, up from 11.0 percent in 1966. This upward trend of 7 percent in the ratio of civilian employees existed in all but one city population group (cities 500,000 to one million inhabitants) and was also noted in suburban agencies, up from 13.8 percent in 1966 to 13.9 percent. More and more law enforcement adminis- trators are making greater utilization of civilian employees, thereby relieving sworn personnel for active police duties. Difficulties in recruiting quali- fied sworn personnel and increasing demands for police service are obstacles which many knowl- edgeable police administrators realize can only be partially overcome by employing more civilians for non-police functions.
Sworn Personnel
When police employee rates are computed on the basis of sworn personnel only (excluding civilian employees) the average rate for all cities is 1.8 per 1,000 population (Table 50). This is up by about 6 percent from 1.7 in 1966. The city rates, nationally, range from 0.1 to 7.9. The sworn personnel rate rose slightly in the suburban areas as well to 1.3, up from 1.2 in 1966. Rates also ranged in suburban areas from 0.1 to 7.9 in 1967. Average strengths of sworn employees remained unchanged in sheriffs’ departments at 0.9. The rate range for these departments was 0.1 to 9.2. Caution should be exercised, however, in using rates for comparative purposes since there is such a wide variation in the responsibilities of various law enforcement agencies around the country. Just as the conditions which affect the amount and type of crime that occurs from place to place vary, so do the requirements for various types of police service vary based upon the conditions which exist in a given community. For example, the increased need for police service in a com- munity which has a highly mobile or seasonal population differs from a community which has a relatively stable or fixed population. In addition, a smaller community situated between two larger areas may require a greater number of police
45
POLICE EMPLOYEE DATA
AVERAGE NUMBER OF POLICE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES, AND RANGE IN NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, PER 1,000 INHABITANTS
BY POPULATION GROUPS, DECEMBER 31, 1967
9.7
ALL CITIES CITIES CITIES CITIES CITIES —«GITIES
CITIES OVER 100,000 50,000 25,000 10,000 LESS 250,000 T0 T0 10 T0 THAN
250,000 100,000 50,000 25,000 10,000
FBI CHART
personnel to handle traffic enforcement due solely to its geographic location. The functions of the sheriffs also vary widely in different sections of the country. In certain areas the sheriff’s re- sponsibilities are limited almost exclusively to civil functions and/or the administration of the county jail facilities. The departments used in computing rates, however, are all engaged in police activity and are responsible for all phases of policing in their jurisdiction.
State Police and State Highway Patrols
The police employee strengths of State Police and State Highway Patrol organizations are set forth in Table 54. This table provides additional data relative to the miles of primary highway and the number of state motor vehicle registrations per sworn employee, by state.
Police Activity
The volume and type of police activity, both criminal and noncriminal, vary widely from place to place. Likewise, police policy and practice are not standardized, resulting in widely differing arrest rates from one community to another. The table below is provided to show the relative police workloads by geographic region using reported Crime Index offenses, criminal arrests made and traffic charges issued per sworn police officer.
Annval Number Per Officer (Geographic Region)
North Southern Western
— States States
| | North- eastern
Police activity
Crime Index Offenses reported.-. Drunkenness and disorderly conduct arrests : Other arrest (criminal) .........-- | \ Traffic charges issued 190
The variations in officer workload set forth above result from many factors. It assumes that all sworn officers in all regions are assigned to such duties. This is not the case. Many police officers are fully engaged in administrative func- tions, special assignments and other non-line duties. The extent to which they are so occupied varies by area. There are also variations by region as to police discretion in charging an arrest, as well as miscellaneous state laws not applicable in other states. Enforcement practices also vary, specifically with respect to offenses against public decency and order.
It is pointed out the figures set forth in the detailed police employee tables (Tables 49 and 50) in this publication represent national averages. They should be used as a guide and under no circumstances should they be considered as rec- ommended or desirable police strengths. Ade- quate manpower for a specific place can only be determined after a careful study and analysis of the various factors which contribute to the need for police service in that community.
POLICE KILLED
There were 76 law enforcement officers killed by criminal action in 1967. This high number of police killings was substantially above the annual average of 48 from 1960 through 1966. The addition of 76 police officers killed in 1967 raises the toll of these tragic deaths to 411 for the 8-year period 1960-1967.
Types of Police Activity
In 1967 the tendency established in prior years continued in that more law enforcement officers met death by criminal action when effecting arrests and handling prisoners than from any other cause. Forty-two percent of the officers killed were engaged in this type of activity. A portion of these deaths could have been averted had the officer victim been more vigilant when making arrests or controlling prisoners instead of permitting these assignments to become routine. Nine officers were killed when their own weapons were seized and used against them. These deaths demonstrate a misplaced trust on the part of the officer victim with respect to the occasional and unpredictable violent nature of human behavior. Twenty per- cent of the officer victims met death when answer- ing disturbance-type calls such as family disputes, man with a gun, riots, etc. Officers interrogating or investigating suspicious persons accounted for 8 percent of the deaths and an additional 8 percent of the officers were killed by mentally deranged or berserk individuals, usually with no warning. Thirteen percent of the police victims were killed by robbers interrupted during the commission of their crime or while being pursued, and 9 percent of the officer victims were killed by burglars caught in the act or fleeing the scene of their crime.
The following table contains figures distribut- ing police murders by geographic region and by type of police activity for 1960-1967.
47
Police Killed, by Geographic Region and Type of Activity, 1960-1967
. Responding to“‘disturbance” calls (family quarrels, man with gun, etc.) . Burglaries in progress or pursuing burglary suspects
. Robberies in progress or pursuing robbery suspects
. Attempting other arrests and transporting prisoners
. Investigating suspicious persons and circumstances. .
. Berserk or deranged person (no warning-unprovoked attack).
! Because of rounding, the percentages do not add to total.
—
RESPONDING TO “DISTURBANCE” CALLS (Family quarrels, man with gun, etc.
BURGLARIES IN PROGRESS, OR PURSUING BURGLARY SUSPECTS
ROBBERIES IN PROGRESS, OR PURSUING ROBBERY SUSPECTS
ATTEMPTING OTHER ARRESTS AND TRANSPORTING PRISONERS
INVESTIGATING SUSPICIOUS PERSONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES
BERSERK OR DERANGED PERSONS No warning - unprovoked attack
North Central Southern States States
North- | | eastern States
|
Western States
POLICE KILLED BY FELONS
BY TYPE OF POLICE ACTIVITY 1960--1967
411 POLICE KILLED INCLUDES CITY, COUNTY, AND STATE POLICE
Weapons Used
Firearms continued to be the weapons used in virtually all of the police killings in 1967, with 71 or 93 percent of the 76 officers killed through the use of a firearm. Handguns were used in 54 of the murders, shotguns in 7, and a rifle in 10. An addi- tional 3 officers were killed by individuals using personal weapons, such as hands, fists, feet, and 2 officers were deliberately run down and crushed by automobiles. During the period 1960-1967 fire- arms have been used in 96 percent of the police killings. Of this group where firearms were used, 77 percent of the weapons were handguns.
48
FBI CHART
Specifically, of the 411 law enforcement officers slain by criminal action, the weapons used were 304 handguns, 52 shotguns, 38 rifles, 4 knives, 6 by personal weapons and 7 other means such as clubs, vehicles, etc.
Years of Service
The median years of service of police officers killed in the line of duty since 1960 remained at 6 years. Eleven percent of the police officers killed had been active in law enforcement one year or less, 44 percent had 5 years or less police service and 33 percent had 10 years or more of service.
'
cei Qarawac =
Types of Assignment
The officer on car patrol is constantly faced with tense situations demanding instant decisions and response. He is usually the man first on the scene in answer to most calls for police service and dur- ing his routine patrols he is often confronted with the need to question suspicious persons on foot and in autos. He is the one most apt to come face to face with the burglar, robber and other felons caught in the act of committing a crime or hur- riedly fleeing the scene of a recently completed crime. As a result of these confrontations, each of which is unique, the officer riding in a patrol car most often becomes the victim of the police killer.
This does not imply that law enforcement officers engaged in other types of police duty (foot patrol, detective, etc.) are not likewise presented with similar situations; they are, but not as frequently.
Fifty-one officers on car patrol were killed in 1967. In addition 16 detectives or officers assigned special duties, 5 technically off-duty officers, and 4 officers on foot patrol were killed in 1967. Due to the fact that a law enforcement officer under his oath of duty must take action at any time when he observes a crime being committed, the five men technically off duty sacrificed their lives when they attempted to prevent the commission of a crime occurring in their presence. Since 1960, 272 or 66 percent of the deceased officers were assigned to car patrols.
During 1967, 44 of the officers who lost their lives as a result of criminal action were assisted by a fellow officer or officers at the scene of the crime and 32 (42 percent) were alone. During the past 8 years, 1960-1967, 181 or 44 percent of the officers died unassisted and 230 were receiving help from other officers at the time they met death.
. Responding to “disturbance”’ calls
1 ae “a 2. Burglaries in progress or pursuing burglary suspects aetna da-oneamaie 3. Robberies in progress or pursuing robbery suspects. ._.-.-
4. Attempting other arrests and transporting prisoners. ---
5. Investigating suspicious persons and circumstances _. a
6. Berserk or deranged person (no warning-unprovoked attack)
* 80 city police officers, 42 county and state police officers.
Police Killed by Felons, 1960-1967
|
The table showing the type of police duty to which officers were assigned when they were murdered cross-referenced to the type of police activity in which they were engaged discloses the highest incidence of police deaths resulted when officers working in one-man patrol cars were attempting to make arrests or were transporting prisoners. Officers in two-man cars responding to disturbance calls were next followed by officers in two-man cars attempting arrests or transporting prisoners. It should be kept in mind when review- ing these figures that officers, even though as- signed to one-man car patrol or foot patrol, were often receiving assistance from fellow officers on the scene at the time they were fatally wounded.
Since 1963 there has been a definite trend with respect to police killings in two types of activity. Police killings related to disturbance calls in- creased from 7 in 1963 to 15 in 1967; and in attempting arrests and transporting prisoners, 17 to 32 during the same period.
Time of Murder
Consistent with prior years, more officers were killed on Friday than any other day of the week. For the 8-year period, 1960-1967, 78 police killings occurred on Friday followed by 68 on Saturday, 60 on Wednesday, 58 on Thursday, 55 on Sunday, 50 on Monday and 42 on Tuesday.
The hours of darkness continue, of course, to be the most dangerous for the officers. Almost 73 percent of the officers were killed between the hours of 4 p.m. and 4 a.m. The hours from 10 p.m. to 3 a.m. have proven to be the most danger- ous with 150 law enforcement officers being killed during these hours. The hour 1 a.m. to 2 a.m. has seen more police officers killed than any other with a total of 34, and the hours 11 p.m. to 12 midnight and 12 midnight to 1 a.m. recorded 31 deaths each.
| |
—_ F One-man cars | Detective | | Foot and special | Off Total = | assignment duty
| Alone | Assisted |
6
1
6)
8 | 31 | 3
5
Police Killers
During the 8-year period, 1960-1967, 411 law enforcement officers have been murdered in the line of duty. A review of the criminal histories of the 539 offenders involved in these police murders indicates 77 percent had been arrested on some criminal charge before becoming involved in the police killings. In fact, 54 percent of those offenders with a prior criminal arrest had been previously taken into custody for a violent crime such as murder, rape, robbery, assault with intent to kill, ete.
Among the 539 persons who were involved in these police killings, 67 percent had prior con- victions on criminal charges and, of this group, two-thirds had been granted leniency in the form of parole or probation on at least one of these prior convictions. It is significant to note that three of every ten of the murderers were on parole or probation when they murdered a police officer. Thirteen or 2 percent of these individuals involved in a police killing had been charged on some prior occasion with an offense of murder.
During the period 1960 through 1967, these 539 individuals responsible for police killings had ac- cumulated an average of almost 5 arrests each during an average criminal career of 10 years.
Over the 8-year period 17 females have been involved in the murder of police officers and in all but one instance these females were with male companions at the time of the murder. Consider- ing race of police killers 337 or 63 percent were white and 202 or 37 percent were Negro.
Ages of Police Killers
Persons involved in police murders ranged in age from a boy of 13 to a man of 73 with a median age of 27. Over the 8-year period 1960-1967 there have been 35 juveniles (6 percent) under the age of 18 arrested for the murder of a police officer. Almost one-half of the murderers were in the 20
to 30 age bracket with the age 25 appearing most frequently.
Assaults on Police
One of the serious problems facing the law enforcement officer today is the growing segment of public disrespect for the police officer and the failure of citizens to come to the aid of officers being attacked as they attempt to perform their lawful duties. These attitudes certainly are, in a large measure, responsible for the nationwide increase of 11 percent in the rate of assaults on law enforcement officers last year. Nationally there were 13.5 assaults for 100 officers in 1967 up from 12.2 in 1966. Geographically the highest assault rate occurred in the East South Central States with 26.0 assaults for every 100 officers. Also above the national average were assault rates in the South Atlantic States with 17.1, the Mountain States with 15.6 and the New England States with 15.0 assaults for every 100 officers.
While every assault does not result in personal injury, a high percentage—40% in 1967—did result in physical harm to the officer victim and usually loss of duty time. Table 53 sets out police assault rates by geographic divisions and pop- ulation groups for 1967.
Accidental Deaths
There have been 247 law enforcement officers killed in accidents during the past 7 years, with 47 of these accidental deaths occurring in 1967. These figures, of course, are in addition to the officers who lost their lives through violent criminal action. A review of the data on acci- dental deaths discloses 138 of the deaths resulted from automobile accidents and 57 from motorcycle accidents. An additional 29 officers were killed accidentally while directing traffic on foot or at the scene of a serious accident. The remaining 23 deaths resulted from other types of accidents such as accidental discharge of firearms, falls, helicopter crashes, drownings, etc.
®
Law Enforcement Code of Ethirs
As a Lam Enforcement Officer, my fendamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to respect the Constitutional rights of all
men to liberty, equality and justice.
| ¥ will Lecp my private life ansullied as an example to all, maintain coura-
7 gooies ccilen tx lhe flacw off Uemagees smarts, av cellesilay lanallgy silistiaainjaiel : be constantly mindful of the welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed
in both my personal and official life, 9 will be exemplary in obeying the laws
. of the land and the regulations of my department. Whatever 9 see or hear of : a confidential nature or that is confided to me in my oficial capacity will be
. hept ever secret unless revelation is necessary in the performance of my duty.
"i F etUOL acne rt flictincelly an jpaneett grecenstldilltiggs sinipiiliaasiatinie ities or friendships to influence my decisions. With no compromise for crime . and with relentless prosecution of criminals, 9 will enforce the law courteously
aad appropriately wttheat fear or favor, malice or ill will never employing
unnecessary force or iaals aad never accepting gratuities.
i recognize the badge of my office asa symbol of public faith, and I accept itasa public trust to be held so long as Dein true to the ethics of the police service. JI will constantly slrive te achieve these objectives and ideals,
dedicating myself before God lo my chosen profession eee fiw enforcement.
Introduction
Background
The Uniform Crime Reporting Program is the outgrowth of a need for a national and uniform compilation of police statistics. This need was expressed by law enforcement executives many years ago. In 1930, crime reports were solicited from police departments throughout the Nation based on uniform classifications and procedures developed by the Committee on Uniform Crime Records of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP). In that year the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), on request of the above organization, assumed the role as the national clearinghouse.
The Committee on Uniform Crime Records, IACP, continues to serve in an advisory capacity to the FBI in the operation of this Program. In this connection, the Field Service Division of the IACP is also playing an active and effective part in quality control through surveys of police record and crime reporting systems. Dr. Peter P. Lejins, Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, continues as a consultant to the FBI in the conduct of this Program.
During 1967 an Advisory Group to the Commit- tee on Uniform Crime Records, appointed in 1966, continued its activities in support of the develop- ment and operation of the National Crime In- formation Center (NCIC). This Center, a com- puterized nationwide index of documented law enforcement information on crime and criminals became operational on January 27, 1967, at FBI Headquarters, Washington, D.C., and by the end of the year was servicing several hundred local, state and Federal police agencies throughout the United States. Detailed information concerning NCIC policies and operating procedures have been published by the FBI in the National Crime Information Center Operating Manual. This manual has been widely distributed among local, state and Federal law enforcement agencies. Also published for the information of NCIC network participants is a monthly NCIC Newsletter con-
taining timely information concerning the system and its use.
At a meeting of the Advisory Group in May, 1967, two important resolutions were prepared for the parent committee on Uniform Crime Records which contained police declarations most im- portant to the future of law enforcement computer- ized information systems. The first concerned maintaining the confidentiality of police informa- tion stored in systems shared with other Govern- ment entities. It was resolved that the controls governing access to police information remain as they have been historically placed with the law enforcement agencies. The second resolution con- cerned the criminal identification record which will serve as a source document for any integrated information system for all areas of criminal justice. This resolution encouraged all criminal justice agencies to contribute information for this docu- ment and recommended that a study be under- taken to determine and recommend such standard definitions and formats and to develop appropri- ate procedures to insure the completeness of the criminal identification record. The executive com- mittee and the entire membership of the IACP unanimously adopted the foregoing resolutions in September, 1967.
Increased attention is being given to participa- tion in the Uniform Crime Reporting Program by sheriffs throughout the country. This was evidenced by a resolution to take affirmative action in encouraging such participation at the annual conference of the National Sheriffs’ Association (NSA) in June, 1967. The resolution was drawn up and presented by the Committee on Uniform Crime Records, NSA, which Committee was es- tablished in 1966 to serve in an advisory capacity to NSA membership.
Committees on Uniform Crime Reporting within state law enforcement associations are active in providing service by promoting interest in the Uniform Crime Reporting Program, foster- ing more widespread and more intelligent use of
53
uniform crime statistics and by lending assistance to contributors when the need exists.
Objectives
The fundamental objective of this Program is to produce a reliable fund of nationwide criminal statistics for administrative and operational use of law enforcement agencies and executives. At the same time, meaningful data is provided for other professionals with related interests in the crime problem and for scholars, as well as to inform the public of general crime conditions.
Specifically, the means utilized to attain these goals are: (1) an attempt is made to measure the extent, fluctuation and distribution of serious crime in the United States through the use of a Crime Index consisting of seven selected offenses. This count is based on these seven offenses being reported to the police or coming directly to their attention. (2) The total volume of all types of criminal offenses is compiled as they become known by police arrests. (3) Since the above are also measures of law enforcement activity, re- lated data is collected to demonstrate effectiveness of enforcement activities, available police strength and significant factors involved in crime.
Reporting Procedure
Under this national voluntary system each contributing law enforcement agency is wholly responsible for compiling its own crime reports for submission to the FBI. Each contributor is supplied with the Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook which outlines in detail procedures for scoring and classifying offenses. The Hand- book illustrates and discusses the monthly and annual reporting forms, as well as the numerous tally sheets made available to facilitate the periodic tabulation of the desired data.
The publication of the Uniform Crime Report- ing “Newsletter,” which was initiated in October, 1963, has continued with issues being published when pertinent. This ‘Newsletter’ is utilized to explain revisions in the Program as well as to present information and instructional material to assist contributors.
Recognizing that a sound records system is necessary if crime reporting is to meet desirable standards, the FBI furnishes a Manual of Police Records to law enforcement agencies upon request. Special Agents of the FBI are widely utilized to encourage new contributors and to assist them
by explaining the procedures and definitions necessary under this uniform system.
On a monthly basis, city police, sheriffs and state police report the number of offenses that become known to them in the following crime categories: criminal homicide, forcible rape, rob- bery, assault, burglary, larceny, and auto theft. This count is taken from a record of all complaints of crimes received by the police from victims or other sources or discovered by the police in their own operations. Complaints determined by police investigation to be unfounded are eliminated from this count. The number of “offenses known’’ in these crime categories is reported to the FBI without regard to whether anyone is arrested, stolen property is recovered, local prosecutive policy, or any other consideration. Police agencies report on a monthly basis the total number of these crimes which they clear by arrest and, separately, the crimes cleared by the arrest of persons under 18 years of age. Police additionally report certain other analytical data pertaining to specific crime categories, including total arrests made for the month for all criminal acts separated as to adults and juveniles.
In annual reports, ‘offenses known” data and clearances by arrest are summarized by the contributors. Annual forms provide a report of persons arrested for all criminal offenses with respect to age, sex and race of the offender, as well as an accounting of the number of persons formally charged and their disposition. Police employee data are collected annually, including the number of police killed and assaulted.
Reporting Area
During the calendar year 1967, crime reports were received from law enforcement agencies representing 98 percent of the total United States population living in standard metropolitan statistical areas, 89 percent of the population in other cities, and 75 percent of the rural population. The combined coverage accounts for 92 percent of the national population.
Presentation of crime data by areas as used in this publication follows as closely as practical the definitions used by the Bureaus of the Budget and Census for standard metropolitan statistical areas and other cities. There is, however, some deviation insofar as the rural area is concerned. For crime reporting purposes rural is generally the unin- corporated portion of a county outside of standard metropolitan statistical areas. In addition, sheriffs’
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departments or state police agencies frequently provide coverage for small incorporated com- munities which do not provide their own police service. These places are characteristically more rural than urban, thus the crime counts for these places are included in the rural tabulations. In addition, statistics are presented in certain tables relative to ‘“‘suburban”’ areas. A suburban area consists of cities with 50,000 or less population to- gether with counties which lie within a standard metropolitan statistical area. In this use of suburban the core city experience is, of course, excluded. The suburban area concept is used because of the peculiar crime conditions which exist in these communities surrounding the major core cities. These metropolitan areas are not rural in nature, yet neither are they comparable to large cities although they have many of the problems identified with the latter.
Standard metropolitan statistical areas are gen- erally made up of an entire county or counties having at least one core city of 50,000 or more inhabitants, with the whole meeting the require- ments of certain metropolitan characteristics. In New England, ‘‘town” instead of “county” is used to describe standard metropolitan statistical areas. These towns do not coincide generally with established crime reporting units; therefore, metro- politan state economic areas in New England are used in this area tabulation since they encompass an entire county or counties. Standard metro- politan statistical areas make up an estimated 68 percent of the total United States population.
Other cities are urban places outside standard metropolitan statistical areas. Most of these places of 2,500 or more inhabitants are incor- porated and comprise 13 percent of the 1967 estimated population. Rural areas are made up of the unincorporated portions of counties outside of urban places and standard metropolitan statistical areas and represent 19 percent of our national population. Throughout this Program, sheriffs, county police and many state police report on crimes committed within the limits of the county but outside cities, while police report on crimes committed within the city limits (urban places).
Verification Processes
Uniformity of crime data collected under this Program is of primary concern to the FBI as the national clearinghouse. With the receipt of reports covering approximately 8,400 jurisdictions, prepared on a voluntary basis, the problems of
attaining uniformity are readily apparent. Issu- ance of instructions does not complete the role of the FBI. On the contrary, it is standard operating procedure to examine each incoming report not only for arithmetical accuracy but also, and possibly of even more importance, for reasonable- ness as a possible indication of errors.
Variations in the level and ratios among the crime classes established by previous reports of each agency are used as a measure of possible or probable incompleteness or changes in reporting policy. Necessary arithmetical adjustments or unusual variations are brought to the attention of the submitting agency by correspondence. During 1967, 19,800 letters were addressed to contributors primarily as a result of verification and evaluation processes. Correspondence with contributors is the principal tool for supervision of quality. Not only are the individual reports studied, but also periodic trends for individual reporting units are prepared, as are crime rates in descending order for all units grouped for general comparability to assist in de- tecting variations and fluctuations possibly due to some reason other than chance. For the most part, the problem is one of keeping the contributors informed of the type information necessary to the success of this Program.
The elimination of duplication of crime report- ing by the various agencies is given constant atten- tion. In addition to detailed instructions as to the limits of reporting jurisdictions between sheriffs and police in urban places, lists of urban places by county are furnished to sheriffs, county police, and in some instances state police organizations.
Uniform Crime Reporting has been taught to all law enforcement officers attending the FBI National Academy. The Academy was established in 1935, and there are 3,091 graduates who are still in law enforcement, over 27 percent of whom are the executive heads of law enforcement agencies. The FBI also presents this subject to regional police schools throughout the country.
Contacts by Special Agents of the FBI are utilized to enlist the cooperation of new contrib- utors and to explain the purpose of this Program and the methods of assembling information for reporting. When correspondence, including spe- cially designed questionnaires, fails, Special Agents may be directed to visit the contributor to affirma- tively resolve the misunderstanding.
Variations from the desired reporting standards which cannot be resolved by the steps indicated
55
above are brought to the attention of the Com- mittee on Uniform Crime Records of the IACP. The Committee may designate a representative to make a personal visit to the local department to assist in the needed revision of records and reporting methods.
It is clear, of course, that regardless of the extent of the statistical verification processes used by the FBI, the accuracy of the data assembled under this Program depends upon the degree of sincere effort exerted by each contributor to meet the necessary standards of reporting and, for this reason, the FBI is not in a position to vouch for the validity of the reports received.
The Crime Totals
Communities not represented by crime reports are relatively few, as discussed previously and as shown by an examination of the tables which follow presenting 1967 crime totals for the Index of Crime classifications. The FBI conducts a con- tinuing program to further reduce the unreported areas.
Within each of the three areas—standard met- ropolitan statistical, other urban, and rural—it is assumed that the unreported portion had the same proportionate crime experience as that for which reports were received. In lieu of figures for the entire year from those agencies, reports for as many as 9 months were accepted as sufficiently representative on which to base estimates for the year. Estimates for unreported areas are based on the reported crime experience of similar areas within each state. Certain refinements are made of this basic estimating procedure as the need arises.
Crime Trends
Crime data for trends are homogeneous to the extent that figures from identical reporting units are used for each of the periods tabulated. In all trend tabulations only those reporting units are used which have provided comparable data for the period under consideration. National, geo- graphic, and area trends are always established on the basis of two consecutive yéars. Exclusions from trend computations are made when figures from a reporting unit are obviously inaccurate for any period or when it is ascertained that unusual fluctuations are due to such variables as improved records procedures and not to chance.
As a matter of standard procedure crime trends for individual places are analyzed five times a year by the FBI. Any significant increase or
decrease is made the subject of a special inquiry with the contributing agency. In 1967 for exam- ple, more than 2,000 letters were sent to police administrators of contributing agencies inquiring as to the reason for significant increases or de- creases in pertinent crime classifications. The communication containing this inquiry specificall y directs attention to possible changes in records or reporting procedures. When it is found that crime reporting procedures are in part responsible for the difference in the level of crime, the figures for specific crime categories or totals are excluded from the trend tabulations. Year-to-year trends in Uniform Crime Reports are valid and may be used to reasonably establish long-term trends as well as to re-estimate crime volume and recon- struct crime trends for prior years. It can be assumed logically that the current year is the most complete in terms of volume. Trend or percent change as established by comparable units for each two-year period is then applied as the basis for re-estimating the volume of crime for prior years.
On the other hand, crime rate tables by state and standard metropolitan statistical area contain the most reliable reports available for the current year, and care should be exercised in any direct comparisons with prior issues. Changes in crime level may have been due in part to improved reporting or records procedures rather than to chance.
Population Data
In computing crime rates by state, geographic division, and the Nation as a whole, population estimates released by the Bureau of the Census on November 24, 1967, were used. Population estimates for individual cities and counties were prepared by using Special Census Reports, state sources and estimates, commercial sources, and extrapolation where no other estimate was avail- able. Complete 1967 population estimates for indi- vidual cities and counties were used from 16 states while official sources in other states provided limited data which was used selectively. The esti- mated United States population increase in 1967 was 1 percent over 1966 according to figures published by the Bureau of the Census.
Classification of Offenses
A stumbling block to a uniform national crime reporting system in the United States results from variations in definitions of criminal violations
among the states. This obstacle, insofar as uni- formity of definitions is concerned, was removed by the adoption of an arbitrary set of crime classi- fications. To some extent the title of each classifi- cation connotes in a general way its content. However, in reading the explanation of each cate- gory, it is very important to keep in mind that because of the differences among the state codes there is no possibility in a system such as this to distinguish between crimes by designations such as “felony” and “misdemeanor.”
A continuing program is carried out to furnish contributors with timely supplemental instruc- tions as the need arises in certain classifications. These are aimed at the clarification of any mis- understandings which may arise and the redirec- tion of attention to the proper application of classi- fication procedures under this system.
Brief definitions of crime classifications utilized in this Program are listed below:
1. Giminal homicide.—(a) Murder and non- negligent manslaughter: all willful felonious homi- cides as distinguished from deaths caused by negligence. Excludes attempts to kill, assaults to kill, suicides, accidental deaths, or justifiable homicides. Justifiable homicides are limited to: (1) the killing of a person by a peace officer in line of duty; (2) the killing of a person in the act of committing a felony by a private citizen. (6) Manslaughter by negligence: any death which the police investigation establishes was primarily attributable to gross negligence of some individual other than the victim.
2. Forcible rape.—Rape by force, assault to rape, and attempted rape. Excludes statutory offenses (no force used—victim under age of consent).
3. Robbery.—Stealing or taking anything of value from the person by force or violence or by putting in fear, such as strong-arm robbery, stickups, armed robbery, assault to rob, and attempt to rob.
4. Aggravated assault.— Assault with intent to kill or for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily injury by shooting, cutting, stabbing, maiming, poisoning, scalding, or by the use of acids, ex- plosives, or other means. Excludes simple assault, assault and battery, fighting, etc.
5. Burglary—breaking or entering.—Burglary, housebreaking, safecracking, or any unlawful entry to commit a felony or a theft, even though no force was used to gain entrance and attempts.
Burglary followed by larceny is not counted again as lerceny.
6. Larceny—thelt (except auto theft).—(a) Fifty dollars and over in value; (6) under $50 in value. Thefts of bicycles, automobile accessories, shop- lifting, pocket-picking, or any stealing of property or article of value which is not taken by force and violence or by fraud. Excludes. embezzlement, “con” games, forgery, worthless checks, etc.
7. Auto theft.—Stealing or driving away and abandoning a motor vehicle. Excludes taking for temporary use when actually returned by the taker or unauthorized use by those having lawful access to the vehicle.
8. Other assaults—Assaults and attempted assaults which are not of an aggravated nature.
9. Arson.— Willful or malicious burning with or without intent to defraud. Includes attempts.
10. Forgery and counterfeiting.— Making, altering, uttering or possessing, with intent to defraud, anything false which is made to appear true. Includes attempts.
11. Fravd.—Fraudulent conversion and obtain- ing money or property by false pretenses. Includes bad checks except forgeries and counterfeiting.
12. Embezzlement.—Misappropriation or mis- application of money or property entrusted to one’s care, custody or control.
13. Stolen property; buying, receiving, possessing. — Buying, receiving, and possessing stolen property and attempts.
14. Vandalism.— Willful or malicious destruc- tion, injury, disfigurement or defacement of prop- erty without consent of the owner or person having custody or control.
15. Weapons; carrying, possessing, etc.—All viola- tions of regulations or statutes controlling the carrying, using, possessing, furnishing, and manu- facturing of deadly weapons or silencers and attempts.
16. Prostitution and commercialized vice.—S>x offenses of a commercialized nature and attempts, such as prostitution, keeping a bawdy house, procuring or transporting women for immoral purposes.
17. Sex offenses (except forcible rape, prostitu- tion, and commercialized vice).—Statutory rape, offenses against chastity, common decency, morals, and the like. Includes attempts.
18. Narcotic drug laws.—Offenses relating to narcotic drugs, such as unlawful possession, sale
or use. Excludes violations limited strictly to Federal control.
19. Gambling.—Promoting, permitting, or en- gaging in gambling.
20. Offenses against the family and children.— Nonsupport, neglect, desertion, or abuse of family and children.
21. Driving under the influence.—Driving or op- erating any motor vehicle while drunk or under the influence of liquor or narcotics.
22. Liquor laws.—State or local liquor law viola- tions, except “drunkenness” (class 23) and “driving under the influence” (class 21). Excludes Federal violations.
23. Drunkenness.—Drunkenness or intoxication.
24. Disorderly conduct.—Breach of the peace.
25. Vagrancy.—-Vagabondage, begging, loiter- ing, ete.
26. All other offenses.—All violations of state or local laws except classes 1-25.
27. Suspicion.—Arrests for no specific offense and released without formal charges being placed.
28. Curfew and loitering laws (juveniles). Offenses relating to violation of local curfew or loitering ordinances where such laws exist.
29. Runaway (juveniles).—Limited to juveniles taken into protective custody under provisions of local statutes as runaways.
nh. er-
or nd
ses
ing
iles ; of
The Index of Crime, 1967
In this section, tabulations are shown to indicate the probable extent, fluctuation and distribution of crime for the United States as a whole, geo- graphic divisions, individual states and standard metropolitan statistical areas. The measure used is a Crime Index consisting of seven important offenses which are counted as they become known to the law enforcement agencies. Crime classifica- tions used in the Index are: murder and non- negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary—breaking or enter- ing, larceny $50 and over, and auto theft.
The total number of criminal acts that occur is unknown, but those that are reported to the police provide the first means of a count. Not all crimes come readily to the attention of the police; not all crimes are of sufficient importance to be significant in an index; and not all important crimes occur with enough regularity to be meaningful in an index. With these considerations in mind, the above crimes were selected as a group to furnish
314-355 O—68——-5
an abbreviated and convenient measure of the crime problem.
It is important to remember in reviewing the tables in this section that the volume of crime in a state or standard metropolitan statistical area is subject to the factors set forth on page vi. Estimates of current permanent population are used to construct crime rates. With our highly mobile population all communities, metropolitan areas and states are affected to a greater or lesser degree by the element of transient population. This factor is not accounted for in crime rates since no reliable estimates by state are available nationwide.
This year tables are presented showing the com- parative crime experience by population group of suburban cities having 50,000 or less inhabitants with cities of the same size isolated from suburban areas. The effects of being a part of the metro- politan fringe can be readily discerned by a review of these tables.
59
Tab!e 1.—I/Index of Crime, United States, 1967
Murder | | Total and non- | Forcible | Agera- Larceny Auto Population Crime || negligent rape Robbery | vated Burglary | Index man- | | assault | slaughter iT | | |
$50 and | theft over |
United States Total... 3,802,273 | 12,093 | 202,053 | | 1,605,701 | Rate per 100,000 inhabitants... ____. 1, 921.7 .7} = 102.1 |
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area 134,748,000 Snel @ibaied Lelie Area actually reporting ! 97. 5% Poa | 191, 148 Estimated total : el 100. 0% | | 192,367 Rate per 100,000 inhabitants... _...__. sal a ee
Other Cities hee -| 24,823,000 7... -| Area actually reporting................... y 269, 508 || Estimated total d weed . OF 300, 372 || Rate per 100,000 inhabitants... ‘ eatekitel 1, 210.0 ||
1, 340, 457
Area actually reporting... .... Estimated total. .............. Rate per 100,000 inhabitants. .
1 The percentage representing area actually reporting will not coincide with the ratio between reported and estimated crime totals since these data represent the sum of the calculations for individual states which have varying populations, portions reporting and crime rates.
Population by area for each state is 1967 estimate; total population for each state is Bureau of the Census provisional estimate as of July 1, 1967, and subject to change. All rates were calculated on the estimated population before rounding.
Table 2.—Index of Crime, United States, 1960 to 1967
Murder
Total i| and non- Forcible Aggra- Larceny | Population ! Crime |
|| negligent rape Robbery | vated | Burglary $50 and Auto theft Index man- ussault over | || slaughter | |
|
Number of offenses: | 1960—179,323,175___.. : Saweceaee : 107, 390 | | 506, 200 | 1961—182,953,000 a eas 2, 082, 400 || 16,890 | 106, 210 | | 528, 500 | 1962—185,822,000 vacenvesel SLED 17,210 | 110, 390 | 1963—188,531,000 | 2,435, 900 17,310 | 115, 980 | 648, 500
pai¥ants Oyen 2, 755, 000 | | 21,020 | 129, 830 | 732,000 | 1965—193,818,000____. hast sok 2, 930, 200 | |
22,970 | 138, 100 792, 300 | 1966—195,857,000 ines oe eae 3, 264, 200 25, 330 | 157, 320 | | 894, 600
MNES sto oe 3, 802, 300 | 27,100} 202, 050 | Percent change 1960-1967 ?_____ re +88. 7 b +60. 8 +88. 2 Rate per 100,000 inhabitants: ?
1960. a a aeeses —<<oct | 9.4 | 59.9 Bio nc5ce wesepeale 1, 138.2 | . 9.2 58.1 1962... i aoa ie coud 1,191.2 | ; 9.3 59.4 | 1963. jixesss oie 1, 292.0 . 9.2 61.5 ncaa sole ncacesscinkcoue! He es 1, 439. 9 .8 | 11.0 67.9 ss sccc te € scifuguite 1, 511.9 | 11.9 71.3 Rs onic bl fis aan 1, 666.6 |) 12.9 | 80.3 cris dat hopituane eu seg 1,921.7 || 13.7 102.1 | Percent change 1960-1967-. pines ose +71.1 || +22.0 | +45. 7 | +70. 5
! Population is Bureau of the Census provisional estimates as of July 1, except April 1, 1960, Census. ? Percent change and crime rates calculated prior to rounding number of offenses. Revised estimates and rates based on changes in reporting practices.
Area
United States Total (2)... Percent change... Northeast. _ - _. Percent change... New England
Percent change... Connecticut __-
Maine._.. Massachusetts - - -- New Hampshire _- Rhode Island
Vermont.
Middle Atlantic...
Percent change --- New Jersey
New York. ___-
Pennsylvania
North Central_.
Percent change East North Central
Percent change. Illinois
Indiana Michigan. Ohio
Wisconsin
West North Central
Percent change... lowa
Kansas. Minnesota...
Missouri - -
See footnotes at end of table.
62
Year
1966 1967
1967
1966 1967
1966 1967 1966 1967 1966 1967 1966 1967 1966 1967 1966 1967
1966 1967
1966 1967 1966 1967 1966 1967
1966
1966 1967 1966 1967
1966 1967
1966 1967 1966 1967
1967 1966 1967
Population !
195, 857, 000 197, 864, 000
47, 962, 000 48, 289, 000
11, 224, 000 11, 321, 000
2, 875, 000 2, 925, 000 983, 000 973, 000 5, 383, 000 5, 421, 000 681, 000 686, 000 898, 000 900, 000 405, 000 417, 000
54, 349, 55, 085, 000
38, 480, 000 39, 123, 000
10, 722, 000 10, 893, 000 4,918, 000 5, 000, 000 8, 374, 000 8, 584, 000 10, 305, 000 10, 458, 000 4, 161, 000 4, 189, 000
15, 869, 000 15, 961, 000
2, 747, 000 2, 753, 000 2, 250, 000 2, 275, 000 3, 576, 000 3, 582, 000 4, 508, 000 4, 603, 000
Total Crime Index
Number
3, 264, 228 3, 802, 273 +16.5
837, 131 981, 234 +17,2
156, 088 182, 379 +16.8 37, 548 46, 262 6, 485 7, 773 89, 055 100, 989 4, 635 4, 848 15, 551 19, 027 2, 814 3, 480
782, 984 928, 727 +18. 6 592, 019 701, 362 +18.5 185, 462 201, 860 66, 767 77,877 182, 045 217,177 120, 648 157, 486 37, 097
Murder and nonnegligent
Table 3.—Index of Crime by Regions,
{Number and rate per 100,000
Forcible rape
manslaughter Rate per Number Rate per Number Rate per 100,000 100,000 100,000 1, 666. 6 10, 918 5.6 25, 332 12.9 1,921.7 12, 093 6.1 27,096 13.7 +15.3 +10.8 +89 +7.0 +6.2 1, 745. 4 1,731 3.6 4, 903 10.2 2, 032.0 1, 987 4.1 5, 105 10.6 +16. 4 +14. 8 +13.9 +41 +3.9 1, 390. 6 239 2.1 7 5.9 1,611.0 275 2.4 717 6.3 +15. 8 +15.1 +14.3 +7.5 +6. 8 1, 306.1 57 2.0 | 172 6.0 1, 581.6 70 2.4 164 5.6 659. 7 22 2.2 48 4.9 798.9 4 4 58 6.0 1, 654.2 | 128 2.4 344 6.4 1, 862.9 14 2.8 411 7.6 680. 5 13 1.9 30 4.4 706. 7 14 2.0 23 3.4 1, 732.3 13 1.4 45 | 5.0 2,114.1 20 2.2 43 4.8 695. 6 6 1.5 23 6.9 834. 5 18
1, 440.7 2, 368 1, 686. 0 2, 726 +17.0 +15. 1 1, 538.5 1,875 1, 792.7 2, 134 +16.5 +13.8 1, 729.7 745 1,853. 1 793 1,357.6 195 1, 557. 5 186 2,174.0 393 2, 530.0 530 1,170.8 462 1, 505.9 545 891.5 80 21.1 80
1, 203.5 493 1,424.5 592
+18. 4 +20. 1
814.0 43 1,007.1 42 1, 062. 6 78 1, 331.6 90 1,317.4 79 1, 588.1 58 1, 680. 2 245 1,904.0 7
4.4 6, 930 12.8
—eowennn eee ee
4.9 7,419 13.5 +11.4 +7.1 +5.5 4.9 5, 358 13.9 5.5 5, 724 14.6 +12.2 +6.8 +5.0 6.9 1,777 16.6 7.3 1, 953 17.9 4.0 469 9.5 3.7 71 11.4 4.7 1, 998 23.9 6.2 1,933 22.5 4.5 963 9.3 5.2 1,073 10.3 1.9 151 3.6
3.1 1, 572 9.9 3.7 1, 695 | 10.6 +19.4 +7.8 +7.1 1.6 132 | 4.8 1.5 155 5.6 3.5 200 8.9 4.0 243 10.7 2.2 261 7.3 1.6 309 8.6 5.4 793 17.6 7.3 785 17.1
Geographic Divisions and States, 1966-67
, 0 inhabitants; percent change over 1966] Robbery Aggravated assault Burglary Larceny $50 and over Auto theft Number | Rate per Number Rate per Number Rate per Number Rate per Number Rate per 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 157, 315 80.3 231, 824 118. 4 1, 387, 219 708.3 | 894, 635 456. 8 556, 985 284.4 202, 063 102.1 253, 321 128.0 1, 605, 701 SIL.5 1, 047, 085 529.2 654, 924 331.0 +28. 4 +27.1 +9.3 +8.1 +15.7 +14.6 +17.0 +15. 8 +17.6 +16.4 % 43, 428 90.5 47,200 98,4 351,115 732.1 234, 653 | 489, 2 154, 101 | 321.3 ; 56, 486 117.0 50, 861 105, 3 402, 410 833.3 271, 431 562.1 192, 964 399, 6 ) +30.1 +29.3 +7.8 +7.0 | +14.6 +13.8 | +15.7 +14.9 4+-25. 2 24.4 3, 447 30.7 5, 634 50.2 64, 674 576.2 | 37, 733 336. 2 43, 604 389. 3 : 4, 186 7.0 6, 582 58.1 75, 107 663. 4 42, 137 372.2 53, 375 471.5 3 21.4 +20.5 +16. 8 +15.7 +16.1 +15.1 +11.7 +10.7 +22. 2 +21.1 0 601 20.9 1, 316 45.8 17, 728 616. 6 10, 477 364.4 7, 197 250.3 6 | O41 32.2 1, 629 55.7 21, 987 | 751.7 12,079 413.0 9, 392 321.1 9 Sy 5.9 324 33.0 3, 151 320. 6 1, 878 191. 1 1,004 102. 1 0 oy 9.7 421 43.3 3, 921 403.0 2,240 230. 2 1, 085 106. 4 4 2, 474 46.0 3, 255 60.5 33, 326 619.0 19, 822 368. 2 29, 706 551.8 6 2, 818 52.0 | 3, 536 65.2 36, 621 675.5 21, 260 392. 3 36, 180 667.4 4 7 10.3 146 21.4 2, 382 349.7 1,206 190.3 698 102. 5 4 42 6.1 139 20.3 2, 350 342.6 1, 513 220. 6 767 111.8 0 228 25.4 563 62.7 6, 354 707.8 3, 732 415.7 4,616 514.2 8 283 31.4 810 90. 0 8, 072 896. 9 4, 319 479.9 5, 480 608. 9 9 16 4.0 3» 7.4 1, 733 428.4 528 130.5 473 116.9 3 s 1.9 47 11.3 2, 156 517.0 717 171.9 521 | 124.9 5 39, 981 108. 8 41, 566 113.1 286, 441 779.7 196, 920 536. 0 110, 407 300. 5 j ° 52, 300 141.5 44, 279 119.8 327, 308 885. 4 229, 204 620.2 | 139, 579 377.6 5 +30. 8 +30.0 +6.5 +5.9 +14.3 +13. 6 +16.4 +15.7 +26. 4 +25. 7 4, 307 63.7 5, 801 85.4 49, 176 712.9 27,087 | 392.8 22, 904 332. 0 . 5,777 82.5 6, 474 92.4 60, 321 | 861.4 35, 322 | 504.4 29, 783 425. 3 a 29, 910 163. 8 28, 344 155. 2 188, 639 1, 033.2 145, 239 795. 5 | 63, 558 348.1 s 39, 951 217.9 30, 405 165. 8 210, 790 1, 149. 6 165, 739 903. 9 82, 721 451.1 ' 4 5, 674 49.0 7, 331 63.3 | 48, 626 419.9 24, 584 212.3 23, 945 206, 8% v 6, 572 56.5 7, 400 (3. 6 56, 192 483, 2 2B, 733 242.8 27,075 232.58 8 51, 671 95.1 49, 851 91.7 317, 600 | 584.6 203, 224 373.9 151, 250 278.3 s 5 63, 716 115.7 56, 291 102.2 377, 249 | (84.58 244, 006 443.1 177, 230 321.7 5 +-23.3 +21.7 +12.9 +11.5 +18. 7 | +17.1 +20.1 +18. 5 +17.2 +15. 6 9 43, 649 113.4 39, 627 103. 0 232,029 603. 0 150, 528 391.2 118, 953 | 300. 1 6 53, 082 135. 7 44, 478 113.7 275, 901 | 705. 4 181,799 44.7 138, 144 353. 1 0 ' 21.6 +19. 7 +12.2 +10.4 +18.9 +17.0 +20.8 +18. 8 +16. 1 +14. 2 5. 6 19, 824 184.9 16, 770 156. 4 60, 009 | 500.5 41,717 389. 1 44, 530 415.3 9 21,879 200.9 18, 331 168.3 66, 282 608.5 46, 691 428.6 45,931 | 421.7 5 3, 011 61.2 3, 245 66.0 2, A 582.8 18, 277 71.6 12, 906 262.4 4 3, 834 76.7 3,244 4.9 32, 580 | 651.6 21,326 426.5 | 16, 136 $22.7 3.9 13, 061 156. 0 11,411 136.3 78, 353 935. 7 47, 552 567.9 2,277 $49. 6 25 16, 274 189. 6 | 13, 608 158. 5 94, 727 1, 108.5 57,075 64.9 33, 030 334. 8 9.3 7, 216 70.0 | 6, 985 67.8 50, 567 490.7 30, 188 293.0 | 24, 267 | 235. 5 0.3 9, 934 95.0 7, 792 74.5 63, 540 607.6 40, 546 387.7 34, 056 325. 6 3.6 537 12.9 1,216 2.2 14, 346 344.8 12, 794 | 307.5 7,973 191.6 4.6 1,171 2.0 1, 508 35.9 18, 862 450. 3 16, 151 385.8 8, 991 214.6 9.9 8, 022 50.6 10, 224 (4.4 85, 661 539.8 52, 606 $32. 1 32, 207 | 208. 5 0.6 10, 624 | 66.6 11,813 74.0 | 101, 258 | 64. 4 | 62, 207 | 390. 3 39, 086 244.9 7.1 +32. 4 +31.6 +15. 5 +14.9 +18.2 +17.5 +18. 2 +17.5 +21.0 1-20. 3 48 351 12.8 | 688, 25.0 9, 245 | 336. 6 8, 279 | 301.4 3, 622 181.9 5.6 578 21.0 | 833 30.3 11, 881 | 431.6 | 9, 964 361.9 4, 273 | 155. 2 8.9 667 | 29.6 1, 572 68.9 | 10, 712 | 476.1 7,354 326.9 3, 325 147.8 10.7 959 2.2 1,956 | 86.0 13, 610 | 598. 2 | 9, 231 405.8 4, 206 184.9 7.3 1,765 49.4 1, 586 “4.4 20,713 579.2 | 13, 898 | 388.7 8, 806 | 246. 3 8.6 2,402 | 67.1 1, 958 4.7 25, 233 704.4 | 16, 453 | 459.3 10, 473 292.4 17.6 4, 708 105. 8 5, 342 118.5 35, 260 | 782. 2 16, 501 366. 1 12, 828 | 234. 6 17.1 6, 005 130.5 5, 619 122.1 39, 635 861.1 18, 920 411.0 16, 341 355. 0
Nebraska - North Dakota _ -
South Dakota.
Seuth
Percent change South Atlantic *
Percent change Delaware
Florida Georgia Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Virginia
West Virginia
East South Central
Percent change Alabama
Kentucky Mississippi
Tennessee
West South Central
Percent change Arkansas
Louisiana Oklahoma
Texas
West
Percent change Mountain _ -
Percent change
See footnotes at end of table.
64
Year
1966 1967
1966 1967
1966 1967 1966 1967
1966 1967
1966 1967 1966 1967 1966 1967 1966 1967
1966 1967
1966 1967 1966 1967
1967 1966 1967
1966
1967
1966 1967
| Population '!
1, 456, 000 1, 435, 000 650, 000 639, 000 682, 000
60, 898, 000 | 61,444,000
29, 220, 000 29, 481, 000
512, 000 524, 000 | 8, 941, 000 5, 995, 000 | 4,459, 000 4, 509, 000 3, 613, 000 | 8,682, 000 5, 000, 000 5, 029, 000 2, 586, 000 2, 599, 000 4, 507, 000 4, 536, 000 1, 794, 000 1, 798, 000
12, 910, 000 12, 970, 000
3, 517, 000 3, 540, 000 3, 183, 000 3, 189, 000 2, 327, 000 2, 348, 000 3, 883, 000 3, 892, 000
18, 768, 000 18, 993, 000
1, 955, 000 1, 968, 000 3, 603, 000 3, 662, 000 2, 458, 000 2, 495, 000 10, 752, 000 10, 869, 000
32, 647, 000 33, 045, 000
7, 804, 000 7, 796, 000
Total Crime Index
Table 3.—Index of Crime by Regions, (Number and rate per 100,000
Number
12, 920 |
15, 527 3, 642 3, 809 5, 289
1, 007, 035 +15.0 458, 052 536, 338 +17.1 7,607
8, 951 135, 455 154, 973 58, 366
61, 588 |
74, 512 97, 987 54, 340 62, 804
31, 300 |
33, 567 56, 301
6A, 574 | 10, 602 |
161, 135 +12.0 42, 521 46, 513 38, 181
41, 523 |
13, 662 13, 499 49, 529 58, 600
274, 112 309, 562
+12.9 |
16, 253 19, 850 53, 505 61, 681 31, 534 34,038 172, 820 193, 993
Murder and nonnegligent
|
201.5 |
, 249. :
591.
—
242.4
+11.5 | , 208.9 |
313.9 199. 5 302. 1 587.1 574.9 . 275.6
- —_——
-
— =
, 629.9 +11.6 831.4 008. 6 485.1
282.9 364. 2 607.3
eee
2 1 1 1, 210. 4 |) 1 1 1
2
, 423.6 1| 7
, 531.3 |
, 460.6
684. 4 |
, 784.8 |
5, 766 +6.7 2, 659 2,821 +6.1 42
41 612
471
1, 196 |
+5.3
415 223 230 225
204 j
347 |
1, 608 1,749 +8.8
173
135
9.4 +5.6 9.1 9.6 +5.5 8.2 7.8 10.3 10.5 11.3 11.1 7.0 8.0 8.7 9.4 | 11.6 | 1.2 | 6.5 |
4.2)
+4.5 |
10.9
- aa ~
a in a a]
“Ps
- oe
+ SPP
woos Cet veo BK ON SG
er Fs
1, +5.4 |
_
”
913 650 561 554 |
7
523 | 551 |
361 | 486 | 541 | 91 |
278
341 371 265 291 185 130
21
374
2, 667 +12.3 |
192 279 597
603 |
336 249 442
Forcible rape manslaughter | Rate per Number Rate per | Number | Rateper | 100,000 100,000 | 00,000 | a = | ee 887.4 26 1.8 | 97 | 6.7 1, 082.0 | 39 | 2.7 | 117 8.2 | 560. 5 12 | 1.8 | 2B 4.3 | 506. 1 2 30 4.7 | 775. 6 10 1.5 61 | 8.9 | 813.1 7 3.7
10.3 |
2s soc
' x vnmauvoreww
- >
2 oo
- See F ee
_ + oe
6, 210 0 6, 641 | 20.1 +6.9 | +5.8 1,097 | 14.1 1, 129 | 14.5 +2.9 +2.8 |
i. Geographic Divisions and States, 1966-67—Continved
000 inhabitants; percent change over 1966] ! Robbery Aggravated assault Burglary Larceny $50 and over Auto theft - = es YF ee Number Rate per | Number Rate per | Number Rate per Number Rate per Number Rate per 00,000 100,000 | 100,000 100,000 100,000 ” 362 | 24.9 456 31.3 | 6,117 | 420.1 | 3,331 | 228, 8 2, 531 173.8 2 | 556 38.7 912 63. 6 7, 056 | 491.7 | 4,147 | 239. 0 2,700 188. 2 3 | 40 6.2 151 23.2 1, 439 221.5 | 1, 405 216. 2 567 87.3 71 37 5.8 117 18.3 | 1, 541 | 241.2 1, 557 243.7 526 82.3 9 | 68 10.0 429 62.9 2,175 | 319.0 1,928 282.7 618 90.6 3 | 87 12.9 418 62.0 | 2,302 | 341.5 | 2, 025 300. 4 567 $4.1 —— —_ee 0 | 34, 191 56.1 93, 433 153. 4 376, 968 | 619.0 231, 534 380, 2 127, 239 208. 9 9 45, 869 74.7 100, 462 163. 5 433, 530 | 705. 6 266, 815 434. 2 146, 662 238.7 ca +34. 2 +33. 2 +7.5 +6. 6 +15.0 +14.0 +15. 2 +14. 2 +15. 3 | +14.3 7 20, 193 69.1 52, 329 179.1 190, 910 | 653. 4 121,743 416.7 66, 515 227.6 ced 28, 665 97.2 56, 345 191.1 229, 009 | 776.8 | 138, 306 469. 1 77, 206 261.9 .3 +42.0 +-40.7 +7.7 +6.7 +20. 0 +18.9 +13. 6 +12. 6 +-16. 1 +15. 1 6 290 56. 6 173 33.8 3, 618 | 706. 7 2, 090 408.2 1,350 263. 7 3! 2 63.4 333 63.5 4,041 | 771.2 2,218 | 423.3 1, 932 368, 7 7 5, 933 99.9 12, 653 213.0 62, 839 | 1, 057.7 38, 004 641.2 14, 453 243.3 2 7,850 130.9 14, 006 233. 6 73, 188 | 1, 220.8 41, 260 688. 2 17, 126 285.7 6 1, 555 34.9 6, 357 142. 6 24, 580 | 551.3 16, 616 372.6 8, 104 181.7 4 1, 682 37.3 5, 792 128.5 26, 667 501.4 17,371 385.3 9, 014 199.9 5.3 4,470 123.7 5, 958 164.9 27, 254 | 754.3 20, 480 566. 8 15, 542 430.2 ».6 | 7, 809 212.1 8, 636 234.5 37, 366 1,014.8 25, 154 683. 2 18, 009 489. 1 D5 1,141 22.8 12, 411 248, 2 20, 481 | 409. 6 13, 029 260. 6 6, 321 126. 4 1.0 | 1, 518 30. 2 13, 152 261.5 24, 027 477.8 | 16, 494 328. 0 6, 501 131.1 3.0 | 7 3.7 4,447 172.0 12, 321 | 476.5 9, 183 355. 1 3,970 153. 5 3.9 908 34.9 4, 436 170.7 14, 754 567.7 8,774 337.6 4, 043 155. 6 8 1, 933 2.9 5, 988 132.9 24, 635 546. 6 14, 199 315.0 8, 765 194. 5 1.9 2,310 50.9 5, 582 122.0 28, 811 635. 2 16, 684 367.8 10, 363 228.5 5.1 342 19.1 1, 104 61.5 4, 651 259.3 2,947 164.3 1,391 77.5 4.7 347 19.3 1,229 68.4 5, 365 298.4 3, 163 175.9 1, 571 87.4 —— ee 9.4 4, 133 32.0 15, 457 119.7 62, 537 | 484.4 38, 677 299. 6 20,741 160.7 9.9 5,116 39.4 16, 125 124.3 69, 037 532.3 43, 431 334.9 24, 952 192.4 5.3 +-23. 8 +23. 1 +4.3 +3.8 +10.4 +9.9 +12.3 +11.8 +20. 3 +19. 7 9.7 1,124 32.0 6, 249 177.7 18, 235 | 518.4 11, 582 329. 3 4, 606 130.9 0.5 1, 167 33.0 6, 495 183. 5 19, 882 561.6 13, 013 367.6 5, 170 146. 0 &.3 1, 362 42.8 2,341 73.5 15, 360 2. 6 11,381 357.6 7, 249 227.7 9.1 1, 502 47.1 2, 461 77.2 15, 399 482.9 12, 652 396. 7 §, GRS 281.8 8.0 310 13.3 3,7 119. 6 5, 548 238.4 3, 222 138. 5 1, 388 59. 6 5.5 248 10.6 2, 090 89. 0 6, 053 | 257.8 3, 443 146. 6 1,331 56.7 10. 8 1, 337 34.4 4, 083 105. 2 23,394 602.5 12, 492 321.7 7, 498 193. 1 (2. 5 2, 199 56.5 5, 079 130. 5 27,703 711.8 14, 323 368. 0 9, 463 243.1 ea SSS ent 12.6 9, 865 52.6 25, 647 136.7 123, 521 658. 2 71, 114 378.9 39, 983 213.0 14.0 12, 088 63.6 27, 992 147.4 135, 484 713.3 85, 078 447.9 44, 504 234.3 11.1 +22.5 +20.9 +9.1 +7.8 +9.7 +8.4 +19.6 +18. 2 +11.3 +10.0 9.8 574 29.4 2, 280 116. 6 6, 354 325.0 5, 193 265. 6 1, 521 7.8 14.2 693 35.2 3, 175 161.3 7, 880 400.4 6, 105 310. 2 1, 545 78.5 16.6 2, 407 66.8 5, 330 147.9 20, 845 578.6 14, 432 400. 6 9, 539 264.8 16.5 3, 005 $2.1 6, 122 167.2 24, 030 656. 2 17, 279 471.8 10, 301 281.3 13.7 999 40.6 1, 995 $1.2 14, 278 | 580.9 9, 023 367.1 4, 768 194.0 13.7 961 38.5 2, 142 85.9 14, 844 594.9 10, 891 436.5 4, 691 188. 0 11.6 5, 885 54.7 16, 042 149. 2 82, 763. 1 42, 466 395. 0 24, 155 224.7 13.3 7, 429 68.4 16, 553 152.3 88, 730 816.4 | 50, 803 467.4 27, 967 257.3 ee | | } |
19.0 28, 025 85.8 | 41, 340 126. 6 3Al, 446 1, 045.9 | 225, 224 | 689.9 124, 395 | 381.0 20.1 35, 982 108.9 45, 707 138.3 302, 512 1, 187.8 | 264, 743 801.2 138, 078 417.8 +5.8 +28.4 +26.9 +10.6 +9.2 +15. 0 | +13.6 +17.5 | +16.1 +11.0 +9.7 14.1 3, 466 | 44.4 7, 196 92.2 56, 704 | 726. 6 | 43, 950 | 563.3 21, 887 | 280. 5 14.5 4, 198 | 53.8 7, 868 100.9 | 62, 166 | 797.4 | 51, 271 | 657.7 22, 512 | 288.8 +2.8 +21.1 | +21.4 +9.3 +0.4 +9.6 | +9.8 +16.6 +16.8 +2.9 +3.0
Total Crime Index
Table 3.—Index of Crime by Regions,
Murder and nonnegligent
Forcible rape
(Number and rate per 100,000
|
manslaughter Year | Population antineiaadiei en Number Rate per Number Number Rate per 100,000 100,000 1966 1, 618, 00 35, 850 2, 215.7 Ym 6.1 296 | 18.3 1967 1, 634, 000 43,425 2, 657. 6 91 5.6 | 273 | 16.7 1966 1, 977, 000 33, 972 1,718.4 79 4.0) 343 17.3 1967 1, 975, 000 37,821 1,915.0 81 | 4.1 412 20.9 1966 694, 000 6, 659 959. 6 21 | 3.0 66 9.5 1967 699, 000 6, 888 985. 4 30 4.3 61 | 8.7 1966 702, 600 8, 386 1, 194.6 20 2.8 63 9.0 | 1967 701, 000 9, 144 1, 304.4 17 2.4 72 10.3 1966 454, 000 10,715 2, 360. 2 48 0.6 52 11.5 | 1967 444, 000 12, 268 2, 763.1 48 .8 4 14.4 1966 1, 022, 000 18, 883 1, 847.6 || 62 6.1 134 13.1 | 1967 1, 003, 000 19, 369 1,931.1 || 64 6.4 150 | 15.0 1966 1, 008, 000 16, 655 1, 652.3 20 2.0 103 | 10.2 1967 1, 024, 000 16, 607 1, 621.8 | 2 2.7 74 7.2 1966 329, 000 3, 553 1, 080.0 | 16 4.9 | 40 12.2 1967 315, 000 3, 996 1, 268. 6 | 15 4.8 23 7.3 1966 24, 843, 000 633, 383 2, 549. 5 1, 052 4.2 5,113 20.6 1967 25, 249, 000 735, 759 2,914.0 1, 240 4.9 5, 512 21.8 Percent change +16. 2 +14.3 +17.9 6.7 +7.8 +5. 8 1966 272, 000 5,077 1, 866. 6 35 2.9 53 19.5 1967 272, 000 5, 360 1,970.6 26 9.6 48 17.6 1966 18, 918, 000 534, 578 2, 825. 7 868 4.6 4, 432 23.4 1967 19, 153, 000 614, 342 3, 207.5 1,039 5.4 4, 792 25.0 | 1966 718, 000 14,914 | 2,077.1 21 2.9 | 35 4.9 | 1967 739, 000 16, 392 2, 218. 1 18 2.4 37 5.0 1966 1, 955, 000 31, 757 1, 624.2 53 2.7 247 12.6 1967 1, 999, 000 39, 601 1, 981.0 61 3.1 248 12.4 1966 2, 980, 000 47, 057 1, 579.2 75 2.5 346 11.6 1967 3, 087, 000 60, 064 1,945.7 96 3.1 387 12.5
1 Population for each State for 1966 and 1967 is Bureau of the Census provisional estimate as of July 1, and subject to change. All rates were calculated on the estimated population before rounding.
2 Offense totals based on all reporting agencies and estimates for unreported areas.
3 Includes the District of Columbia.
ns,
soe mA WON AM OWA
5 . )
aceocjcecre#ocuvc zs &
Geographic Divisions and States, 1966-67—Continved
inhabitants; percent change over 1966]
|
Robbery Aggravated assault | Burglary Larceny $50 and over Auto theft ————————————— cae —_ —-— ———— —| ee Number Rate per Number Rate per Number Rate per | Number Rate per | Number Rate per | 100,000 100,000 00,000 100,000 | 100,000 | | | 898 | 55.5 1, 980 122.4 | 15, 066 931.2 | 11, 488 710.0 6, 024 372.3 1, 224 | 74.9 2, 34 141.0 | 18, 583 1, 137.3 14, 296 874.9 6, 654 407.2 1, 064 | 53.8 1,854 9.8 14, 057 711.0 10, 677 540.1 | 5, 898 | 298.3 1, 342 | 67.9 1, 954 98.9 15, 590 789.4 | 12, 352 | 625.4 6, 090 308. 4 54 | 7.8 | 320 46.1 | 2, 389.9 2, 776 | 400.0 | 716 103.2 76 | 10.9 | 31 44.5 | 2, 837 405.9 | 2, 784 398. 3 789 112.9 125 17.8 290 | 42.6 3, 482 496.0 2, 764 | 393. 8 1, 633 | 232.6 150 21.4 | 349 | 49.8 3, 661 522.3 | 3, 383 | 482.6 1, 512 215.7 440 96.9 | 447 | 98.5 | 4, 229 931.5 | 3, 750 | 826.0 | 1, 749 385.3 523 117.8 | 465 14.7 4, 734 1, 066.2 | 4,317 | 972.3 2,117 | 476.8 448 43.8 1,491 | 145.9 8, 949 875.6 | 5, 081 498.1 2, 708 265. 0 446 44.5 | 1, 574 156.9 8, 147 812.3 | 6, 496 647.7 2, 492 | 248.5 368 36.5 | 657 65.2 6, 952 689.7 5, 892 | 584.5 | 2, 663 | 264. 2 394 | 38.5 | HOR 68.2 7, 020 685.5 6, 086 504.3 2, 307 225.3 69 | 21.0 148 45.0 1, 263 383.9 1, 521 462.3 496 150.8 43 | 13.7 213 | 67.6 1, 594 | 506.0 1, 557 494.3 551 174.9 | ! | | | | 24, 559 98.9 34, 144 | 137.4 | 284, 742 1, 146.2 | 181, 265 729.6 102, 508 | 412.6 31, 784 125.9 37, 839 | 149.9 | 330, 346 1, 308.4 213, 472 845.5 115, 566 457.7 +29.4 +27.3 | +10.8 | +9.1 | +16.0 +14. 2 | +17.8 +15.9 | +12.7 +10.9 98 | 36.0 | 223 | 82.0 1, 613 | 593.0 1,854 681.6 1, 201 441.6 96 | 35.3 | 267 98.2 1,873 | 688. 6 1,950 | 716.9 1,100 404.4 22,317 118.0 | 30, 101 | 159. 1 | 241, 666 1,277.4 148, 038 | 782. 5 87, 156 460.7 28, 539 149.0 33, 076 172.7 | 276, 958 1,446.0 172, 616 | 901.2 97,322 508. 1 155 21.6 387 | 53.9 | 8,111 1, 129.6 3,913 | 545.0 2, 292 319. 2 146 19.8 | 390 52.8 | 8, 516 1, 152.4 4, 298 581.6 2, 987 404.2 895 | 45.8 1, 275 | 65.2 13, 394 685. 0 11, 197 572.6 4, 606 240.2 1,317 65.9 1, 521 76.1 | 17,140 857.4 13, 848 692.7 5, 466 273.4 1,004 36.7 | 2, 158 72.4 | 19, 958 669. 8 16, 263 545.8 7, 163 240.4 1, 686 | 4.6 2, 585 | 83.7 25, 850 837.7 20, 760 672. 5 8, 691 281.5
67
Table 4.—Index of Crime by State, 1967
[See footnotes at end of table]
Murder Total and non- Forcible Aggravated
Populationj Crime negligent rape Robbery assault Burglary | | Auto theft Index man- slaughter
ALABAMA
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area Area actually reporting... - Estimated total
Other elties..................
Area actually reporting -___. Estimated total
Area actually reporting
Estimated total
Rate per 100,000 inhabitants__ Violent crime rate Property crime rate
ALASKA
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area___. ee ees SED Area actually reporting... _ Estimated total Area actually reporting - - _- State total __. ; Rate per 100,000 inhabitants_. Violent crime rate____._____-- Property crime rate.
ARIZONA
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area Area actually reporting _ _ -...._- 36, 957 1, 783 15, 959 Estimated total___._- 37, 192 | 1, 793 | Other cities__._. : ‘ ses Area actually reporting..._.__- i 3, 842 , 310 Estimated total aa 3, 872 312 Rural. Senin tindeca ou ie Area actually reporting - - -- ; 2, 061 : 174 832 245 Estimated total_...___- , . 2, 361 || 199 | 953 281 State total... _ . . 43,425 | 2,304 18,583 | 6,654 Rate per 100,000 inhabitants__- 2, 657.6 5 141.0 1, 137.3 407.2 Violent crime rate_____. ‘ 238. 2 Property crime rate ‘ . 2, 419. 4
5, 918 16,061 | 5, 952
1, 556 | | 418 1, 569 | | 421
ARKANSAS
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area Area actually reporting__. Estimated total.
Other eities............... wit Area actually reporting - - - Estimated total
Area actually reporting
Estimated total
Rate per 100,000 inhabitants -_ -. Violent crime rate. Property crime rate____.
CALIFORNIA
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area __- | Area actually reporting................- . 59 577, 049 27,817 Estimated total . OF 579, 261 27,886
Other cities
Area actually reporting................. . 0%